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A MARITIMA

N STORY B}R BEGINNERS

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ORA MARITIMA

A LATIN STORY FOR BEGINNERS

WITH GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES

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ET A; S O N N E N S C H E I N, D. Litt., Oxon.

Professok ov Latin and Gref.k in thb
University ok Birmingham

Natura non facit saltum

SIXTH

EDITION

LONDON

SVVAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIMD.

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1909

ZD o'0

I9 0C]

FILIIS METS TRIBUS

D. D.

PATER ET PRAECEPTOR

The previous cditions of this Book appeared in J/av, 1902;

November, 1902; November, 1903 ; Aiii^usf, 1905;

and Jiily, 1906.

PREFACE

My apology for adding another to the formidable array of
elementary Latin manuals is that there is no book in existence
which satisfies the requirements which I have in mind as of most
importance for the fruitful study of the language by beginners.
What I desiderate is : —

1. A continuous narrative froni beginning to end, capable of
appealing in respect of its vocabulary and subject matter to the
minds and interests of young pupils, and free from all those
syntactical and styhstic difficulties which make even the easiest of
I/atin authors something of a problem.

2. A work which shall hold the true balance between too much
and too Httle in the matter of systematic grammar. In my
opinion, existing manuals are disfigured by a disproportionate
amount oilifekss Accidence. The outcome of the traditional system
is that the pupil learns a multitude of 'La.iin /orms (Cases, Tenses,
Moods), but very little Latin. That is to say, he acquires a
bowing acquaintance with all the forms of Nouns and Verbs —
such as Ablatives in a, e, t\ o, u, ^rd Persons in af, et, it, and so
forth— before he gets a real hold of the meaning or use of any of
these forms. But, as Goethe said in a different connexion, "What
one cannot use is a heavy burden " ; and my experience leads me
to think that a multitude of forms acts as an encumbrance to the
pupil at an early stage by distracting his attention from the more
vital matters of vocabulary, sentence construction, and order of
words. The real meaning of the Ablative, for instance, can be
just as well learned from the ist Declension as from all llie
declensions taken together. And furiher, to run over all the
declensions without proper understanding of their meanings and

vl. PREFACE

uses with and without Prepositions is a real dan:;er, as begetting
all sorts of misconception and error — so much so that the muddled
piipil too often never learns the syntax of the Cases at all. No
doubt all the Declensions and Conjugations must be learned be-
fore a Latin author is attacked. But when a few of them have
bcen brought within the pupiFs ken, he finds Hltle difficulty in
mastering the others in a rapid and more mechanical fashion. In
the present book I have dealt directly with only three declensions
of Nouns and Adjectives and the Indicative Active oi sum and of
the ist Conjugation (incidentally introducing some oftheforms of
Pronouns, and those forms of the Passive which are made up wilh
the Verb-adjectives, as in Enghsh) ; but in connexion witli this
amount of Accidence I have treated very carefully the most
prominent uses of the Cases with and without Prepositions, and
the question of the order of words, which I have reduced to a few
simple rules. It is my hope that teachers who trust themselves to
my guidance in this book will agree with me in thinking that the
time spent on such fundamental matters as these is not thrown
away. The pupil who has mastered this book ought to be able to
read and write the easiest kind of Latin with some degree of
fluency and without serious mistakes : in a word, Latin ought to
have become in some degree a living language to him.

Above all it is my hope that my Httle story may be read with
pleasure by those for whom it is meant. The picture which it
gives of the early Britons is intended to be historically correct, so
far as it goes ; and the talk about " anchors " and "boats" and
"hoUdays " will perhaps be acceptable as a substitute for "iustitia,"
" modestia," " temperantia," and the other abstract ideas which
hover Hke ghosts around the gate of Latin.^ I have kept my
Vocabulary strictly classical, in spite of the temptation to introduce

'"The pupil ordinarily approaches Latin and Greek through a cloud o/
abstraclions."—\. SlDGWlCK.

PREFACE vii.

topics of purely modern interest, such as bicycles : in the later
sections of the book it is Caesarian. The number of words in the
vocabulary is relatively large ; but words are necessary if anything
worth saying is to be said, and a large proportion of my words have
a close resemblance to the EngUsh words derived from them. Apart
from this, the acquisition of a working vocabulary is an essential
part of any real mastery of a language, and it is a task eminently
within the powers of the youthful mind.

In regard to the quasi-inductive study of grammar I have
expressed myself in an article contributed to Mr. Sadler's Special
Reports^ extracts from which are given below. But I wish it to be
understood that there is nothing in this book to prevent its being
used by teachers who prefer the traditional method of teaching the
Grammar before the sections of the story and the Exercises in
which it is embodied. All the Grammar required is given in the
" Preparations " (e.g. pp. 65, 66, 67, 69, etc.) It will be clear
from these tables and from my " Drill Exercises " that I by no
means undervalue the importance of systematic training of the
memory in the early stages of learning.

In the present edition (lyoS) I have marked t!ie naturally long
vowels in the text, as in the " Preparations " and the alphalietical
vocabulary. But 1 have dehberately abstained from burdening
the memory of pupils and teachers with subtleties of pronunciation,
such as are involved in the marking of " liidden quantitits " (except
in such obvious cases as rex, lux, ndndum) : e.g. rexi from rego,
texi from tego, constat but condit, infert but intulit, Insanus but
incultus. If a warning is needed against encumbering the teach-
ing of Latin with difficult questions of t])is kind, it will be found
emphatically expressed in the recommendations of many of the
Lehrplane issued by German educational authorities.

Most of the passages will be found too long for one lesson,
unless with older pupils. They must be spht up, according to
circumstances.

viii. PREFACE

It is possible that sorne teachers may prefer to use this book
not as a first book in the strict sense of the term, but rather after
say a year's work at some other book ; and I can well imagine
that it might be used to good purpose in this way, for instance as
a bridge to Caesar, whose invasions of Britain are narrated in out-
hne in my Chapters VIII.- XIV., or for practice in rapid reading
side by side with an author.

My best thanks are due to Lord Avebury for permission to
reproduce the photographs of Roman and British coins which
appear in this volume, especially of the coin of Antoninus Pius
with the figure of Britannia upon it — the prototype of our modern
penny.

E. A. S.

BlRMlNGHAM,

November, igo8.

The following passages have struck me since my Preface was
written as throwing hght on the idea of this book.

" The real question is not whether we shall go on teaching Latin,
but what we can do to teach it so as to make learners understand that
it is not a dead language at allP — Sir F. POLLOCK, in the ' Pilot,'
Jan. I2th, 1901.

" We tnust convince our pupils of the reality of the study [Latin]
by introducing them at as early a period as possible to a real book." —
P. A. Barnett in " Common Sense in Education and Teaching,"
p. 210.

" Assimilate the sysiem of teaching the classical languages to that
which I have shadowed forth for modern language teachingP —
Professor Mahaffy, Address to Modern Language Association,
Dec, 1901.

CONTENTS

Newer Metiiods in the Teaching of Latin

Pagb

1 1

TEXT.

I. OrA MARiriMA

II. — Patruus meus
III. — Monumenta antiqua
IV. — Delectamenta puerorum

V. — Magister noster -

VI. — Britannia antiqua -

VII. — Vestigia Romanorum -

ist Declension, with the
Present Indicative of
sum and of the ist
Conjugation - - 23

2nd Declension in -us - 26

2nd Declension in um - 28

2nd Declension; words
VOnQ puer - - - 30

2nd Declension ; words
Hke magister - -32

Mixed forms of ist and
2nd Declension, with
Past Imperfect Indic-
ative of sum and of
the ist Conjugation
(Active Voice) - - 33

- The other Tenses of
the Indicative of
sum and of the
ist Conjugation
(Active Voice) - 38

CONTENTS

viii. expeditio prima c. lulii

Caesaris -

IX. — Pax violata

X. — Certamina varia

XI. — Naves Romanae

XII. — Gentium Britannicarum
Societas -

XIII.— Maria Britannica

XIV. — Britannia pacata

XVI. ROBUR et aes triplex

.^rd Declcnsion-

Recapitulation of 3;
Declension -

Adjectives of ^rd
Declension -

PREPARATIONS AND GRAMMAR -
DRILL EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

Latin Drill, Conversations, etc, with English
sentences for rc-translation . . . _

APPENDICES

I. How to translate the Latin Gerundive and Gerund
II. How to translate the principal Enghsh Prepositions

LA 1 IN-ENGLISH VOCABULARV

43
45
46
48

49
51

55
59

138

NEWER METHODS IN THE
TEACHING OF LATIN

We are familiar with the watchwords of two opposed camps on
the sabject of language-teaching. The old-fashioned view that
the " declining of nouns and verbs," to use Dr. Johnson's phrase,
is a necessary prehminary to the reading of any text is nowadays
met with the continental cry of " Fort mit der Grammatik ! "
But we are not really compelled to accept either of these harsh
alternatives, as the more moderate adherents of the new German
school are now fain to admit. Grammar has its proper place
in any systematised method of teaching a language ; but that
place is not at the beginning but rather at the end of each of the
steps into which a well-graduated course must be divided.
Speaking of the course as a whole, we may say that the learning
of grammar should proceed side by side with the reading of a
text. The old view, which is far from extinct at the present day,
though it is rarely carried out in all its rigour, was that the pupil
must learn the rules of the game before he attempts to play it.
The modern view is that just as in whist or hockey one learns
the rules by playing the game, so in the study of a language one
learns the grammar best by the reading of a simple text. But

* Extracted fmm an article contributed to Mr. Sadler^s Special Reporti.

12 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

it is necessary at once to draw a distinction, which marks the
difference between the earlier and the more developed form of
the new method. The mistake made by the first zealots of the
new school was that they plunged the pupil without pre-
paration into the reading of what were called " easy passages," —
passages taken from any ordinary book, and easy perhaps as
compared with other passages which might have been selected,
but still bristUng with a multitude of heterogeneous forms
and constructions. This was an "inductive method " with a
vengeance ; but it soon became evident that to expect a young
beginner to work his way through such a jungle to the light of
clear grammatical consciousness was to expect too much ; * and
even for the adult beginner the process is slow and laborious.
For what is the object of grammar unless to make the facts of a
language accessible and inteUigible by presenting them in a
simple arrangement ? Here as elsewhere science ought surely to
step in as an aid, not an obstacle, to understanding. What
the advocates of the new school failed to see was that
" nature " cannot dispense with "art"; in other words that the
text which is to serve as the basis of an inductive study of the
language must be specially constructed so as to exhibit those
features on which the teacher desires to lay stress at a particular
stage of learning.

What is the ordinary Enghsh practice at the present day?
On this point others are more competent to speak than I ; but
I imagine I am not far wrong in saying that the first step in
learning Latin is to spend a month or two in learning declensions
and conjugations by rote— not, let us hope, complete with
their irregularities and exceptions, but in outline. The pupil

• A distinguished representative of the Neuere Richtung admitted in
conversation with the present writer some years ago that the teaching of
French out of his own book was " Ilundesarbeit " (Aorj^-work.)

NEWER METHODS IN TIIE TEACIIING OF LATIN I3

then proceeds to the reading and wrlting of easy sentences,
perhaps in such a book as " Gradatim " ; and after say a
year or more he will be reading easy selections from a Latin
author. AU the while he recapitulates his gramuiar and ex-
tends his grammatical horizon. This is, in any case, an
immense improvement on the older plan of learning the whole
of the old Eton Latin Grammar in its Latin dress without
understanding a word of what is meant by its " as in praesenti "
and other mysteries. If wisely administered, this method may
also avoid the error of " Henry's First Latin Book," which
taught an intolerable deal of Accidence and Syntax to a half-
pennyworth of text ; though, on the other hand, Henry's First
Latin Book was an attempt to accompany the learning of
grammar with the reading of easy sentences from the very
beginning, and in so far was better than the method we are con-
sidering. For I must maintain, with all deference to the opinion
of others whose experience is wider than my own, that we are as
yet far frotn having drawn the full conclusions of the process of
reasoning on which we have entered. There should be no pre-
liminary study of grammar apart from the reading of a text. The
declensions and conjugations, learncd by rote apart from their apph-
cations, cannot be properly assimilated or understood, and often
prove a source of error rather than enh'ghtenment in subsequent
study. They have to be learned over and over again — always in
doses which are too large for digestion, and the pupil has mean-
while been encouraged to form a bad habit of mind. Half know-
ledge in this case toooften leads to the unedifying spectacle of the
Sixth Form boy or the University undergraduate who is still so
shaky in his accidence that he cannot pass his " Smalls " without a
special effort, though in some respects he may be a good scholar.
But still more serious is the effect of ihe false conceptions which are
inevitably implanted in the mind by this method of grammar with-
out understanding. The pupil learns fneftsd, " by or with a table,"

I.} NEWER METIIODS IN TIIE TEACTIING OF LATIN

agricold^ " by or with a farmer " — both of them impossible Laiin for
the English in its natural sense; viensae meaning strictly "to a table"
is almost impossible in any elementary context. Yct the pupil
necessarily supposes that in some context or other they must have
those meanings ; it is often years before he discovers that he has
been the victim of a practical joke. Some boys never see the fun
to the bitter end ; in other words, they never learn the syntax of
the Cases at all. And where are the counterbalancing advantages
of this method ? The pupil is introduced at an early stage to the
reading of selections from Latin authors. But what if the interest
and stimulus of reading consecutive passages could be secured
without the sacrifice of clearness and grasp which is involved in
the method of preliminary grammar? The advantages would
seem in that case to be all on one side. Each new grammatical
feature of the language would be presented as it is wanled, in an
interesting context, and would be firmly grasped by the mind ; at
convenient points the knowledge acquired would be summed up
in a table (the declension of a noun or the forms of a tense).
The foundations of granimar would thus be securely laid ;
there would be no traps for ihe understanding, because each new
feature would be presented in concrete form, that is in a context
which explained it. For example, instead o[t?iensd, " by or with a
table," etc, we should have in niensd, " on a table," cum agrico/d,
"with a farmer," a/> agricold, " by a farmer" ; ad mensatn, "to a
table " or sometimes " by {i.e. near) a table ; " agricolae daf, but
not metisae dat. After one declension had been caught in this
way, the others would not need so elaborate a treatment. But still
the old rulc of " festina lente " would warn the teacher not to im-
pose too great a burden on the young or even the adult beginner ;
ir i3 no light task to learn simultaneously forms and their
nieanings, vocabulary, ond the fundamental facts of syntax. It
must be admitted that the melhod which I am advocating is a slow
one at first ; but it is sure, and binds fast. The method of pre-

NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 15

liminary grammar might be called the railroad method. The
traveller by rail travels fast, but he sees httle of the country
through which he is whirled. The longest way round is often the
shortest way home; and my experience has been that the time
spent at the start without proceeding beyond the very elenients of
grammar is time well spent. A fair vocabulary is acquired —
wiihout effort — in the course of reading ; for the learning of new
wc.rds, especially if they are chosen so as to present obvious
similarities to English words, is a task eminently within the
powers of the youthful mind ; and all words met with in an
interesting context arouse attention and impress themselves on the
mind of their own accord. AU the while the pupil is forming his
feeUng for the language and gradually becoming habituated
to ordinary ways of saying ordinary things. He gradually loses
that sense of strangeness which is the great barrier to anything hke
mastery.* It is surprising how much can be said in Latin without
using more than a single declension of nouns and adjectives and
a single conjugation of verbs.f The habit of reading very easy
Latin, thus acquired at an early stage, will prove of the utmost
value when the pupil approaches the study of a Latin author.
Such a book as I have in mind should therefore do something to
bridge over the formidable chasm which at present separates the
reading of isolated sentenccs from the reading of an author.

AU Latin authors as they stand, are far too difficult to
serve as a basis of study for beginners : and they are also, I
may add, not well adapted in respect of subject matter and

*One great advantage of this method, especially for learners who are
able to cover the ground at a fair rate of progress, is that it lends itself to
acquiring the "art of reading Latin" (as distinct from the art of consiruing il),
to use Prof. W. G. Hale's phrase — the art of rapid reading.

X There are some i,cxx> verbs of the first conjugation in Latin (including
Compounds),

l6 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

sentiment to appeal to the mind of the very young. Caesar may
no doubt be made interesting to a boy or girl of twelve by a skilful
teacher with the aid of maps aiid pictiires. But, after all, the Gallic
War can never be what it was never meant to be, a child's book.
The ideal " Reader," which should be the centre of instruction
during the early stages of a young pupiVs course, should be really
interesting ; simple and straightforward in regard to its subject
matter, modern in setting, and as classical as may be in form — a
book which the pupil may regard with benevolent feehngs, not
with mere "gloomy respect,"* as worth knowing for its own sake.
It should be well illustratcd with pictures, diagrams, and maps,
provided always that the illustrations are to the point, and such as
are really feU to be needed to explain the text and make it Hve.
" Modern in setting," for otherwise the book will not appeal to the
young mind; yet there is much justification for the demand made
by many adherents of the newer school that the subject matter
of any school book deahng with a foreign language should be
closely associated with the history and the manners and customs
of the people who spoke or speak the language. Possibly the two
demands are not irreconcilable ; the subject matter may be
historical and national, but the point of view from which it is
regarded may be modern. For EngUsh pupils learning Latin the
reconcihation ought to present Httle difhcuUy ; but nearly every
great nation of Europe has its points of contact wiih Rome, and
therefore its opportunities of constructing Latin Readers which are
national in more senses than one. On the modern side they may
be patriotic in tone, and inspired by that love of nature wliich
appeals so dircctly to the youthful mind ; on the ancient side they
may be historical and instructive in the narrower sense of the
term. And the illuslrations should also have this two-fold
character ; they should include subjects both ancient and modem,

• Lord Rosebery in his Rectorial Address at Glasgow, 1900.

NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 17

it being always remembered in regard to the former that their
object is not to make the boy or girl an archaeologist, but simply
to act as an aid to the imagination and enable it to reaUse what
ancient civilisation was like. A good modern fancy sketch may
often be more instructive from this point of view than a cut taken
from a dictionary of antiquities.

The method which I advocate is, therefore, on its linguistic
side, analogous in some respects to the so-called "natural method "
or to the method by which an adult, left to his own resources,
usually attempts to master a foreign tongue. He begins by
attacking some easy book or newspaper, with the help of a
dictionary, and he picks up the grammar as he goes along. The
method is in both cases hetiretic, in so far as the learner does
not try to reconstruct the language out of the grammar, as
a palaeontologist reconstructs an extinct animal from a study of a
few bones. But in the one case the learner works on a text which
presents all the variety and complexity of nature; in the other, on
a text which has been simplified and systematised by art, so as to
lead directly to a clear view of certain fundamental grammatical
facts. Gianted the premises, I conceive that there will be no great
difficulty in accepting the conclusion ; for there can hardly be a
better method of teaching a language than that which combines the
systematic order of the grammar with the interest and life of the
story-book. The crux of the situation is to write such a school book;
and though it may be long before an ideal book of the kind is pro-
duced, the problem ought not to be impossible of solution, if once
the necessity ofa solution from the teachingpoint of viewisreahsed.
On the one hand the ideal book ought to have a sustained interest,
and if possible to form a continuous narrative from beginning to
end ; otherwise much of the effect is lost ; this adds materially to
the difficulty of writing. On the other hand there are various
considerations which lighten the task. The writer has before him
an infinite variety of choice in regard to his subject matterj and

l8 NEWER METIIODS IN TIIE TEACIIING OF LATIN

though his grammatical order must be systematic, he is under no
obligation to confine himself absolutely to the narrowest possible
grammatical field at each step. For example adjectives* may be,
as they should be on other grounds, treated side by side with the
substantives which they resemble in form, and the easy forms of
possum ie.g-t poi-es, pot-esi, pot-erani) side by side with the
corresponding forms of sum. Here we have material for the
building of sentences. We may even go further and admit a
certain number of forms which anticipate future grammatical
lessons, provided they are not too numerous or of such a character
as to confuse the grammatical impression which it is the purpose
in hand to produce. For example, forms hke inquam, inquit
might be introduced, if necessary, long before the learning of the
defective verbs was reached ; they would, of course, be accom-
panied by their translations and treated as isolated words without
any grammatical explanation. Tact in introducing only such forms
as are not liable to lead to false inferences is necessary ; and, of
course, the fewer such anticipations there are the better. A
certain latitude must also be conceded in regard to idiom and
style. While it is of importance that the pupil should come across
nothing which might react disadvantageously on his future com-
position, it is mere pedantry to insist on any exalted standard of
literary excellence. The writer who works under the hmitation
imposed by the conditions of the problem should not attempt any
high style of diction ; it is sufificient if his Latin is up to the
standard of such isolated sentences as usually form the mental
pabulum of the beginner, though it might well be somewhat
higher.

I would here anticipate a possible objection. Would not such
si book be too easy ? Would it provide a suflficient amount of
mental gymnastic to serve as a means of training the faculties of

*Including Possessive Adjectives and Parliciples (Verb-adjectives).

NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 19

reason and judgment ? That would depend altogether on the aiin
which the writer set before himself. There is plenty of room
within the limits of the first declension and the first conjugation
for the training of the mind in habits of accurate thought and
expression ; for instance, the sentences may be made as difficult in
regard to order of words as you please. But I would urge that
they can hardly be made too easy at the beginniiig. It is some-
times forgotten that mental training is not synonymous with the
inculcation of a mass of grammatical forms which only burden the
memory, and that the habit of reading with care and fluency is it-
self a mental discipline of the highest value. What the teacher of
any language has to do is not to accustom his pupil to regard each
sentence as a nut to crack or a pitfall to beware of ; but rather to
induce him by the art of "gentle persuasion " to look upon the
foreign tongue as a friend to be approached on terms of easy
familiarity. Difficulties will accumulate fast enough, and I snbmit
with all deference that it is a mistake to convert the learning of
any foreign langiiage into an obstacle race, by dehberately throwing
difficulties into the path of the learner. Latin, at any rate, is hard
enough in itself. And a habit of thoughilcssness is surely the last
thing that will be encouraged by a meihod such as that sketched
above, by which learning is made a matter of observation from the
first, and not of uninteliigent memorizing.

It goes without saying that the grammar to be taught in such
a book should be Hmited to the necessary and normal. AIl ihat
is in any way superfluous to the beginncr should be rigorouily
excluded. But so soon as a general view of the whole field of
regular accidence and the bare outUnes of syntax has been attained
by way of the Reader, the time has arrived for taking the pupil
over the same ground again, as presented in the systematic form
of the grammar. He is now in a position to understand what a
grammar really is — not a collection of arbitrary rules, but a
catalogue raisonne of the usages of a language based upon

20 NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN

observation and simplified by science. Successive recapitulations
should take in more and more of what is abnormal, until a fairly
comprehensive view of the whole field is obtained. The suggestions
of whatever new texts are read should, of course, be utilised in
preparing the mind for irregularities and exceptions ; but it is no
longer perilous to study the grammar apart. Each course of
grammar deepens the impression made by those which precede it,
and at the same time extends the pupil's mental horizon, the
successive courses being superimposed on one another like a
number of concentric circles with ever widening diameters.

I have said nothing about the writing of Latin, because it is
obvious at the present day that reading should be accompanied by
writing from the first, and, what is even more important, that the
sentences to be translated into Latin should be based on ihe
subject matter and vocabulary of the Reader. Learning a
language is largely an imitative process, and we must not expect
our beginners to make bricks \\-ithout straw, any more than we
expect pupils at a more advanced age to compose in the style of
Cicero or Livy without giving them plenty of models to
work upon. It is more important to insist here on the import-
ance of training the organs of speech and hearing even in
learning a " dead language " like Latin. For a dead language
is still a language, and cannot be properly grasped unless it has
some contact with Uving lip and Hving ear. Let the pupil
then become accustomed from the first to reading Latin aloud,
and to reading it with intelligence and expression. It is a
habit which does not come of itself; but to teach it goes
a long way towards making the language live again, and acts
as a most valuable support to the memory. Let anyone try
learning a httle modern Greek, and he will appreciate the
difference between remembering the accents by ear and remem
bering them by the eye alone. So, too, in regard to forms
and vocabulary. What we have to familiarise our pupils with is

NEWER METHODS IN THE TEACHING OF LATIN 21

not merely the look of the word and the phrase and the sentence
on paper, but still more, the shape of them to the ear.

From the point of view of the Universily a reform in school
procedure, both on the literary and on the grammatical side,
would confer great and lasting benefits. * There must be many
University teachers who, like the present writer, feel dissatisfied
with the scrappy and haphazard knowledge of the classics
commonly presented by students reading for Pass degrees. But
the foundations must be laid during the long school course, as the
developed flower must be present in the germ. By not hurrying
over the initial stages, and by a wise guidance of the later steps, the
consummation of a worthy classical culture may be reached in the
end.

Christmas, 1900. E. A. Sonnknschein.

* Professor Postgate (Classical Review, February, 1901) demands a
" thorough revision of the niodes and materials of classical and especially
elementary classical teaching," adding, " Though we of the Universities have
a serious grievancc against the schools in that they send us so many mistaught
on elementary points, and, what is worse, emptied of all desire to learn, we
must Dot forgct our own deficicDcies. "

NOTE TO THE SIXTH EDITION.

In the present issue of this book I have, in de/crence to the
wishes o/ niany teachers, reiurtied io t/ie principle of marking long
voivels in the text, which I adopted in mv Parallel Grammar
Series. As to the method of carrying out the principle I have
stated my views in the Preface (p. vii).

/ have also corrected one or two oversights to which I had
called attention in previous issues {p. iig, l. i, ' sonieti?nes not'
for ' not always ' ; /. 123, II. 4 and S nf% 23, ' tenthfor seventh ').
On p. 48, l. j, I have substituted ' multa ex navigiis ' for ' magnus
nufnerus Jiavigiorum' in order to avoid raising a difficulty of con-
struction. And there are a few other niinor iniprovements of this
kind (p. 130, § 31 B ; p. 144 bottom). Biit in all essentials t/ie
book is unchanged.

I herezvith express my cordial t/ia?iks to t/iose teac/iers w/io /lave
pointed out to me misprinis or omissions in t/ie vocabu/aries — in
particu/ar to Professor Postgaie, Mr. F. E. A. Trayes, Mr. R. S.
Haydon, Aliss A. F. E. Sanders. T/iese oversig/its — fiot very
many in number — have a// been corrected in t/ie present issue.

May I ca/l the attention oj ieac/iers to the mistake, into which
pupils easi/y fal/, of pronouncing t/ie word ' Alaritinia ' /ike t/ie
Frenc/i ' marititne ' wi(/i t/ie accent o?i the syi/abie ti-^ i?istead 0/
Maritii?ia ?

ORA MARITIMA

VFiL

COMMENTARII DE VITA MEA AD

DUBRAS ANNO MDCCCXCIX

DkA MaKITIMA INTIiR DlMlRAS II 1 Rl)l L' l'I AS.

I. Ora maritima.

[First Declcnsion of -Nouns and Afljeclivcs, togeih r wilh llie Picsent
Intlicative oi siiin and of ihe First Conjugation.]

1. Quam bella est dra iiiaritinia ! Non procul
ab ora niaritima cst \illa. In \illa amita mca
habitat ; ct ego cum amitfi mcfi nunc hal)ito. Ante
ianuam villae est area. In area est castanca, ubi

ORA MARITIMA

luscinia inteiduni canlat. Sub umbra castaneae ancilla
interdum cenam parat. Amo oram maritimam ; amo
villam bellam.

2. Feriae nunc sunt. Inter ferias in villa
maritima habito. O beatas ferias ! In arena orae
maritimae sunt ancorae et catenae. Nam incolae
5rae maritimae sunt nautae. Magna est audacia
nautarum : procellas non formldant. Nautas amo, ut
nautae me amant. Cum nautls interdum in scaphls
navigo.

■< /^

Anxora et Catena— Scaimia.

3. Ex fenestris villae undas spectas. Undas
caeruleas amo. Quam magnae sunt, quam perlucidae !

ORA MAKITIMA 2$

Post cenam lunain et stellas ex fenestra mea specto.
Prope villam est silva, ubi cum amita mea saepe
ambulo. Quantopere nos silva delectat ! O copiam
plantarum et herbarum ! O copiam bacarum ! Non
solum nautae sed etiam agricolae circum habitant.
Casae agricolarum parvae sunt. Xautae casas albas
habitant. Amita mea casas agricolarum et nautarum
saepe vlsitat.

4. Victoria est reglna mea. Magna est gloria
Victoriae Reginae, non solum in insulls Britannicls
sed etiam in India, in Canada, in AustraHa, in Africa,
ubi coloniae Britannicae sunt. Reglna est domina
muitarum terrarum. Britannia est domina undarum.
In gloria reglnae meae triumpho. Te, Britannia,
amo : v5s, insulae Britannicae, amo. Sed Britannia
non est patria niea. Ex Africa Merldiana sum.

5. Lydia quoque, consobrlna mea, apud amitam
meam nunc habitat. Lydia columbas curat : cura
columbarum Lydiae magnam laetitiam dat. Tu,
Lydia, cum apud magistram tuam es, linguae Franco-
gallicae et linguae Anglicae operam das ; sed ego
linguls antiquls Romae et Graeciae operam do. Saepe
cum Lydia ad silvam vel ad oram maritimam ambulo.
Interdum cum nauta in scapha navigamus. Ouant-
opere nos undae caeruleae delectant ! Lydia casas
agricolarum cum amita mea interdum vlsitat. Vos,
flHae agricolarum, Lydiam amatis, ut Lydia vos amat.
Ubi inopia est, ibi amita mea inopiam levat.

26 ORA MARITIMA

IL Patruus meus.

[Second Declension ; Nouns and Adjectives in us].

6. Patruus meus quondam praefectus erat in
Africa Merldiana. Nunc mllitia vacat, et agello suo
operam dat. Agellus patrul mel non magnus est.
Circum villam est hortus. Murus hortl non altus est.
Rlvus est prope hortum, unde aquam portamus, cum
hortum irrigamus. In horto magnus est numerus
rosarum et violarum. Rosae et violae tibi, mi patrue,
magnam laetitiam dant. Tu, Lydia, cum patruo meo
in hortd saepe ambulas.

7. In angulo hortl sunt uhnl. In uhiils corvl
nldificant. Corvos hbenter specto, cum circum nldos
su5s voHtant. Magnus est numerus corvorum in
horto patrul mel ; muhl mergi super oceanum voHtant.
Vos, mergl, Hbenter spect5, cum super oceanum
voiitatis et praedam captatis. Oceanus mergls cibum
dat. Patruum meumhortus et agehus suus deleciant ;
in ageHS sunt equl et vaccae et porcl et gaUl gahlnae-
que. Lydia gah^s gaHlnasciue curat. Non procul
ab agell5 est vlcus, ubi rusticl habitant. N5nnulll ex
rusticls agellum cum equls et vaccls et porcls
curant,

8. Ex hort5 patrul mel scopul5s alb5s 5rae
maritimae spectamus. Scopull sunt altl. ¥a 5ra
Francogallica n5n procul abest. -Noctu ex scoi^ulls
phar5s 5rae Lrancogallicae spectamus, velut stellas
claras in ocean5. Quam bellus es, 5ceane, cum luna

ORA MARITIMA

undas tuas illustrat ! Quantopere me delectat vos,
undae caeruleae, spectare, cum tranquillae estis et
arcnam orae maritimae lavatis ! Quantopere me
delectatis cum turbulentae estis et sub scopulis
spumatis et murmuratis !

!h^- .v-...'/.M:r^"^:^

VlLLA MaRITIMA.

Ulmi kt Corvi. Murus. Ianua. Rivus, Castanea. Mergi.

ORA MARITIMA

III. Monumenta antiqua.

[Nouns and Adjectives in tun'].

9. Agellus patrul mel in Cantio est, inter
Dubras et Rutupias situs. Dubrae et Rutupiae
oppida antlqua sunt. Multa sunt monumenta antlqua
in Britannia, multa vestlgia R5man5rum. Reliquiae
villarum, oppid5rum, amphitheatr5rum R5man5rum
hodie exstant. Multae viae R5manae in Britannia
sunt. In Canti5 est via R5mana inter Rutupias et
Londinium. JSolum Britannicum multos numm5s
aureSs, arg-ente5s, aene5s et Britann5rum et R5man-
orum occultat. Rusticls numml saepe sunt causa lucrl,

NUMMUS ROMANUS CUM FlGURA BrITANNIAE.

nummds romanus.
(C.Idl.Caesar.) (Augustus.)

ORA MARITIMA

NuMNfos Eritannicus.

NuMMUS Britaxnicus.

cum arant vel fundamenta aedificidrum antTqu5rum
exxavant. Nam nummos antlquos magno preti5
venumdant. Patru5 me5 magnus numerus est numm-
5rum R5man5rum.

10. Inter ferias commentari5s me5s de vlta
mca scriptit5. Dubras saepe vlsitamus ; nam oppidum
non procul abest. Super oppidum est castellum mag-
num ; in castell5 est specula antlqua. Murl speculae
altl et latl sunt. Quondam erat pharus R5man5rum.
Prope speculam est aedificium consecratum. lam
secund5 saccul5 post Christum natum basilica Chris-
tiana erai.

11. Castellum in pr5munturi5 5rae maritimae
stat. Post castellum sunt c]lvl graminel et latl. Ex
castell5 fretum Gallicurn spectas. Ante ocul5s sunt

ORA MARITIMA

vela alba multorum navigiorum ; navigia sunt Brit-
annica, Francogallica, Germanica, Belgica. Nonnulla
ex navigils BritannicTs "castella" nominata sunt.
Littera C in signo est. " Castella " in Africam Merldi-
anam navigant, ubi patria rnea est.

.8jSg»i{*irafl»ma3^isyt:

CA^rELI.UM AD DUBRAS SITUM.

IV. Delectamenta puerorum.

[Nouns and Adjectives like piie?-\

12. In numero amlcorum meorum sunt duo
pucrT. Marcus, puer quattuordccim annorum, mihi

ORA MARITIMA 31

praccipuus amicus est. Propc Dubras nunc habitant,
sed ex Caledonia oriundl sunt. Nobls puerls feriae
nunc sunt ; nam condiscipull sumus. Inter ferias
liberl sumus scholls. Amfcl mel me saepe vlsitant, et
ego amlcos meos vlsito. Magna est inter nos amlcitia.
Una ambulamus, una in undls spiimiferls natamus,
cum non nimis asperae sunt. Ouantopere nos pueros
ludl pilarum in arena delectant ! Ut iuvat castella
contra undas spumiferas acdificare !

13. Nobls puerls feriae plenae sunt gaudiorum
a mane usque ad vesperum. Nonnumquam in scapha
cum Petro navigamus. Perrus est adulescentulus
vlginti annorum. Petrl scapha non s5lum remls sed
etiam vells apta est. Plerumque remigamus, sed
ndnnumquam vcla damus, cum ventus non nimis
asper est. Petrus scapham gubernat et vells minis-
trat. Nos puerl scapham bellam laudamus et amamus.

14. Non procul a Dubrls est scopulus altus,
unde 5ceanum et navigia et 5ram maritimam spectas.
Locus in fabula commemoratus est, ubi Leir, regulus
Britann5rum antiqu5rum, fortunam suam miseram
depl5rat, stultitiam suam culpat, fllias suas animl
ingrati acciisat. O fortunam asperam ! O fllias
impias ! O constantiam Cordcliae ! Scopulus ex
poeta n5minatus est. Nam in fabula est locus ubi
vir gener5sus, amlcus fldus regull, de scopul5 se
praecipitare parat ; scd fllius suus virum ex perlculo
servat. Fllium fldum laud5et am5. N5s puerl locum
saepe vlsitamus.

ORA MARITIMA

SCOPULUS AltUS At) DUBRAS SITUS, EX POETA NOMIXATUS.

V. Magister noster.

[Nouns and Adjectives like inagister\

15. Magister noster vir doctus est, sed lud5rum

peritus. Nobls puerls carus est. Inter ferias patruum

meum interdum vlsitat. Dextra magistrl nostrl valida

est, et puerl pigrl nec dextram nec magistrum amant.

" Non amo te, Sabidl, nec possum dlcere quare.

Hoc tantum possum dlccrc : non amo te."
Magistrum non amant quia libros Graecos et
Latlnos non amant. Nam discipull scholae nostrae
linguls antlquls operam dant, atque scientils mathe-

ORA MARITIMA 33

maticls. Magistro nostro magna copia est librorum
pulchrorum. Schola nostra antlqua et clara est : non
solum librls sed etiam ludls operam damus. Schola
nostra non in Cantio est. In vlco nostro est ludus
litterarius, crC-bcr puerls et puellis, llberls agricolarum,
Sed ego cum i\Iarc6 et Alexandro, amlcls mels, ad
\'cntam Bclgarum discipulus sum.

VI. Britannia antiqua.

[Mixed forms of Nouns an 1 Adjectives of the isf and 2nd Declensions,
logether with the Past loipcrfect Indicaiive of suin anJ of the
ist Conjugation.]

IG. Magister noster librorum historicorum
studiosus est ; dc patria nostra antlqua libenter narrat.
Proximo anno, dum apud nos erat,de vlta Britannorum
antlquorum saepe narrabat. Patruus meus et amita
mea libenter auscultabant ; ego quoque nonnumquam
aderam. Slc narrabat : —

" Fere tota Britannia quondam silvls densls crebra
erat. Inter 5ram maritimam et fluvium Tamesam,
ubi nunc agrl frugiferl sunt, silva erat Anderida, locus
vastus et incultus. Silvae plenae erant ferarum —
.„porum, ursdrum, cervorum, aprorum. Multa et varia
...ateria erat in silvls Britannicls : sed fagus Britannls
antlquls n5n erat n5ta, sl Gaius luHus vera affirmat.
Et plnus Sc5tica dcerat."

17. " Solum, ubi llberum erat silvls, frugiferum
erat. Metallls quoque multls abundabat — plumbo aibo

Br1TAN.nI A.NTKJUJ

ORA MARITIMA 35

et ferro, atque, ut Tacitvis affirmat, auro argentoque,
Margarltas et ostreas dabat oceanus : niarg-arltae
parvae erant, sed ostreae magnae et praeclarae,
Caelum tum quoque crebrls pluvils et nebulls atrls
foedum erat ; sed prulnae asperae aberant, NatQra
oceanl ' pigra ' erat, sl tcstimonium Tacitl verum est :
nautae Romanl, inc^uit, in aqua pigra vix poterant
remigare. Sed verunme est testimonium ? An natura
nautfirum Romandrum non satis impigra erat ,'' "

18. " Incolae antlqul insulae nostrae ferl et
bellicSsI erant. Hastls, sagittls, essedls inter se
pugnabant. Proelia Britannos antlquos delectabant,
Multl et dlversl erant populi Britannorum, Multl
ex populls erant Celtae. Celtls antlquls, slcut Ger-
manls, capilli flavi, ocull caerulei, membra magna
et robusta erant. SlcTacitus de Caledoniis narrat,
Incolae Cambriae meridianae ' coloratl ' erant, Sed
Romanls statura parva, oculi et capilli nigri erant,
Universi Britanni, ut Gaius lulius affirmat, membra
vitro colorabant, sicut nautae nostrl hodiernl. Vestl-
menta ex corils ferarum constabant, In casis parvls
circum silvas suas habitabant."

19. Ilic amita mea " Nonne in oppidls habit-
abant ^ " inquit, Et ille " Oppida aedificabant," inquit
"sed, si Gaius IQHus vcra affirmat, oppida Britann-
orum antiquorum loca firmata erant, non loca uhi
habitabant. Sed Britannia merldiana crebra erat
incohs et acdificiis. Slc narrat Cacsar in libro quinto
Belh GaHicI. Mukl una hal:)itribant, ut puto." " Itaque
non planc barbarl erant," inquit amita mea, \Fa

Or.A ISIARITBIA

ille : " Incolae Cantil agn culturae operam dabant,
atque etiam mercaturae. Nam Venetl ex Gallia. in
Britanniam mercaturae causa navigabant. Britann!
frumentum, armenta, aurum, argentum, ferrum, coria,
catul5s venaticos, servos et captlvos expoitabant ;
frena, vitrea, gemmas, cetera importabant. Itaque
mediocriter hijmanl erant,nec multum dlversl a Gallls.'

URNAE ET CATKNAIi: Britannicae.

Druiuai: liKHA.NMci.

38 oi;a jmauiti.ma

20. " Multl mortuos cremabant, slcut Graecl et
Romanl : exstant in Cantio sepulchra cum urnls
pulchre ornatls. Exstant etiam numml Britannicl,
aurel, argentel, aenel. Esseda quoque fabricabant :
non plane inhumanl erant, sl rotas ferratas essed-
orum et nummos aureos aeneosque fabricare poterant.
Britannls antlquls magnus numerus gallorum gallln-
arumque erat ; animl, non escae, causa curabant, ut
Gaius luHus afifirmat. Scd incolae mediterraneorum
et Caledonil ferl et barbari erant. Mortuos humabant.
Agrl culturae operam non dabant ; n5n frumento sed
ferlna victitabant. Dc5rum fana in lucls sacrls et silvls
atrls erant. Sacra ciirabant Druidae. Sacra erant
saeva: vir5s, feminas, llber5s pr5 victimls sacrificabant.
Inter se saepe pugnabant ; captlv5s miser5s venum-
dabant, vel cruciabant et trucldabant : n5nnumquam
simulacra magna, plena victimls humanls, cremabant.
Popul5rum inter se discordiae victoriam R5man5rum
parabant."

VII. Vestigia Romanorum.

[Faliirc Indicalive and Imperalive of sjim and of Ihe isl Conjugation].

21. Nuper, dum Marcus et Alexander mecum
erant, patru5 me5 " Ouantoperc me dclectabit" inquam
"locum vlsitare ubi oppidum R5manum quondam
stabat." Et Alexander " Monstra n5bls," inquit
" amabo te, rulnas castelll Rutuplni." Tum patruus
meus " Longa est via," inquit " scd aliquando mon-
strab5. Cras, .sl v5bls gratum erit, ad locum ubi
proclium erat Britannorum cum R5manls ambul-

ORA ^rARITI.MA , 39

ribimus. Ambulabitisnc ndblscum, Marcc et Alcx-
andcr ? " "Ego ver5 " inquit Marcus " tecum libentcr
ambulabo " ; et Alexander " Mihi quoquc pergratum
crit, sl n5bls sepulchra Britann5rum et R^manorum
monstrabis." Sed patruus meus " Festlna lentc "
inquit ; " nullae sunt ibi rcliquiae sepulchrorum, et
virT doctl de loc5 procHl disputant. Sed quota hora
paratl critis ? " " Ouinta liora " inquiunt.

22. Postrldie caekmi scrcnum erat. Intcr ienta-
culum amita mea " Quota h5ra" inquit " in viam
v5s dabitis ? et quota h5ra ccnare poteritis ? " Et
patruus mcus " Quinta h5ra Marcus et Alcxandcr
Dubrls adventabunt ; intra duas h5ras ad locum
prochl ambulare poterimus ; post unam h5ram red-
ambulabimus ; itaque h5ra decima vel undecima doml
crimus, ut sper5." Tum ego " N5nne ieiunl erimus,"
inquam " sl nihil ante vesperum gustabimus ? "
" Prandium v5blscum portate" inquit amita mea ;
" cgo crustula et p5ma curab5."

[Perfcct Indicative of si/m ancl of the ist Conjugalion.]

23. Quinta hora appropinquabat, et amlc5s
me5s cupide exspectabam. Ad sonum tintinnabull
ad fenestram propcravl. Ecce, pucrl ad ianuam
adcrant. Cum intravcrunt, univcrsl exclamavimus
" Eugc ! Opportunc advcntavistis ! " Tum Marcus
" Nuni scr5 advcntavimus ? " inquit ; " liora fere tertia
fuit cum in viam n5s dedimus ; scd via longa est,
ct Alcxander celcritcr ambularc n5n potest." Sed
Alcxander " N5n sum fatlgatus " inquit; " scd quota

ORA MARITI.MA

liora est ? " Tum patruus meus " Nondum quinta
h5ra est " inquit ; " paratlne cstis ad ambulandum ? "
Et Alexander " Nos vero ! " inquit. Tum amita mea
et Lydia " Bene ambulate ! " inc-iuiunt, et in viam
nos dedimus.

C. luLius Caf.sar.

24. Inter viam patruus meus multa nobis de bello
Romanorum cum Britannls narravit. Prlm5 saeculo
ante Chriscum natum Gaius lulius in GalHa bcHabat,
et, postquam Nervi5s ceter5sque popul5^ CialHae
Belgicae debellavit, bcHum contra incolas insulac
propinquae paravit. Itaque ann5 quint5 et quinqua-
gesimo c5pias suas in Britanniam transportavit.

OKA ^rAKrri.NrA

t)e loco unde navigfivit et dc loc5 quo navigia
.sua applicavit, viii doctl diCi disputavcrunt. Scd
intcr Dubras et Rutupias est locus ad navigia
applicanda idoneus. Dubras non poterat applicare ;
nam .scopull ibi altl erant, ut nunc sunt, et in scoinills
copiae armatae Britannorum stabant. Itaquc ad
alium locum naviyavit, ubi nulli scopull fucrunt.
Sed Britannl quociuc per oram maritimam ad
locum properavcrunt, et ad pugnam sc paravcrunt.
Romanls necessc erat navigia sua magna ad ancoras
deligare. Britannls vada nota fucrunt ; itaque in
aquam equilavcrunt ct copiam pugnae dederunt.

J\vl '■% x'( ~^-^^l\

BkITANNI RO.MANOS IN SC01'ULIS E.KSriiCTANT.

ORA MAraTIMA

[riuperfect {t.e. P.ist Perfect) Inclicative of siiin and of the Ist
Conjugauon.]

25. Scd iam ad locum adventav^cramus, et
patruus meus " Spectate puetl " inquit; " hlc campus
apertus est ; scopull desunt, et locus idoneus est ad
copias explicandas. Illlc fortasse, ubi scaphas pisca-
torias spectatis, Gaius lulius navigia R5mana ad
ancoras deHgaverat. Hlc Britannl copias suas col-
locaverant, et equos in aquam incitaverant. N5nne
potestis t5tam pugnam animo spectare .'' Sed reliqua
narrab5. Dum R5manl undls se dare dubitant,
aquilifer ' Ad aquilam v5s congregate,' inquit * nisi
ignavl estis. Ego certe ofiiciuni meum praestab5.'

AOflLlFEIi SE U.NDIS UAT.

ORA MARITIMA

Et cum aquila undTs se dcclit. lani univcrsl RonianT
ad aquilifcrum sc congreg-averant, et cum Britannls
in imdls impigrc pugnabant. Confusa et aspera fuit
i5ugna. Prlmo iaborabant Romanl ; sed tandcm Brit-
annos propulsaverunt et terram occupavcrunt, Antc
vcsperum Britannl se fugae dederant. Numquam
antea copiae Romanae in solo Britannico stetcrant.
Audacia aquilifcrl laudanda erat."

[Future Perfect Indicative oi stim and of the ist Conjugation.J

26. Sed nos puerl prandium iam postulabamus :
nam hora iam septima erat. Ouam bella crustula
ct poma tu, amita, dederas ! Ouantopere nos bacae
rubrac ct nigrae delectaverunt ! Tum patruus mcus
" Cum nos recreaverimus," inquit " domum propcr-
abimus ; nam non ante undecimam hdram advent-
averimus ; interea amita tua, ml Antonl, nos exspcct-
averit. Nonne pranchd satiatl estis V Tum cgo " Nulla
in mc mora fucrit." Et Alcxandcr " Ego iam parfitus
sum " inquit ; " sed quando tu, ^larcc, satiatus cris .' "
Tum Marcus " Iciunus ful " inquit ; " nam pcr quinquc
horas nihil gustaveram. Scd cum me altcro pomo
rccrcavero, paratus cro. Tfi, Alcxandcr, inlcr viam
crustulls operam dcdistl ; nam pucr parvus es." Nos
cacliinnanuis, ct mox in \iam nos damus.

VIII. Expeditio prima C. lalii Caesaris,

[^rd Declensii»;! : noiins like Caciar, iui/enUor, sii', r.r/iri/://i'>.]

27. Scd magnus crat calor sohs ct acris, ncqi c
poteramus celcritcr ambularc. Paulo post ncbulac
solcm obscuraverunt, et imber magnus fuit. I\Iox

44 OKA MARITIMA

sol 5ram maritiniani splcndore suo illustravit, et
iterum in viam n5s dedimus. Imber cal5rem aeris
temperavcrat ; et intcr viam n5s puerl patruum mcum
multa de C. Iuli5 Caesare, imperatore magn5 R5man-
5rum, intcrrogavimus. " Ciar expedlti5nem suam in
Britanniam paravit .'' " inquinius ; " cur c5pias suas in
insulam nostram transportiivit ? " Et patruus meus
" C. lulius Caesar " inquit " pr5consul erat Galliac, et
per tres ann5s contra nati5nes bellic^sas Gallorum
et Belgarum bellaverat ; nam ann5 duodesexagesim5
ante Christum natum R5manl Caesarem pr5consulem
creaverant. R5mani autem Britann5s in numer5
Gall5rum esse existimabant ; et revera n5nnullae ex
nati5nibus Britanniae merldianae a Belgls oriundae
crant. Atque Britannl Gallls auxilia contra R5manos
interdum subministraverant; sed Trinobantes auxil-
ium R5man5rum contra Cassivellaunum, regulum
Cassorum, imploraverant."

28. " Alia quoque causa belll fucrat avaritia et
exspectati5 praedae. Cupidl erant R^manl insulam
nostram ign5tam et rem5tam vlsitandl et cxpl5randl ;
nam, ut Tacitus affirmat, ign5tum pr5 magnific5 cst.
Itaquc ann5 quint5 ct quinquagesim5 antc Christum
natum C. lulius Caesar expedlti5nem suam prlmam
contra Britann5s comparavit, ct vict5riam reportavit,
ut narravl ; nam post unum proelium Britannl veniam
avict5ribus imploraverunt. Sed expcdlti5 n5n magna
fuerat ; neque R5manl ullam pracdam ex Britannia
reportavcrant, nisi pauc5s servos et captlv5s. Anno
igitur proxim5 imi)crator Romanus secundam et

ORA MARITIMA 45

multo maiorein expeditionem in Britanniam paravit.
Nam sescenta navigia oneraria in Gallia aedificavit,
et quinque legiones Romanas una cum mag-na multi-
tudine auxiliorum Gallicorum in oram Bclgicam con-
gregavit."

IX. Pax violata.

[3rd Declension continued : nouns hke puj:, aesias, mlUs.]

29. " Britannl paccm non violaverant, scd Ro-
mani pacis non cupidl erant. Itaque aestate anni
quarti et quinquagesiml ante Christum natum dux
Romanus cum quinque legionibus militum Roman-
orum et magnd numerd equitum et auxiliorum Gallic-
orum iterum in Britanniam navigavit. Tempestas
erat idonea, sed in media navigatione ventus non
iam flabat ; itaque militibus necesse erat navigia
remls incitare. Impigre remigaverunt, et postrldie
navigia ad oram Britannicam prospere applicaverunt.
Labor remigandl magnus erat, virtus mllitum magn-
opere laudanda. Britannl Romanos in scopulls orae
maritimae exspectabant ; sed postquam multitudinem
navigiorum et mllitum equitumque spectaverunt, in
fugam se dederunt. Caesar navigia sua inter Dubras
et Rutupias applicavit, ut puto, non procul a loco quo
pri5re anno applicaverat. Inde contra Britannos pro-
peravit. Interea unam legidnem cum trecentls equit-
ibus ad castra in stati5ne reservabat : nam perlcul-
osum erat navigia ad ancoras deligata defens5ribus
nudare,"

-46

ORA MARITIMA

Castra Romana.

X. Certamina varia.

[yd Declension conlinucd : nouns Vike flilmai, tempjis.]

.'»0. " BiitannT certamen vltaverunt, et in silvTs
se occLiltavcrunt, ubi locus erat prope flumen, egregie
et natura et opere firmatus. Itaque ' oppidum ' Brit-
annicum erat. De nomine fluminis nihil constat.
Oppidum iam ante domesticl belll causa praepar-
averant, et crebrls arboribus vallTsque firmavcrant,
Multa et varia certamina fuerunt : Britannl ex
silvls cum equitibus essedTsque suTs contra Romanos
provolabant ; Romanls perTculosum erat intrii munlt-
iones Britannorum intrare. Scd post aliquantum

ORA MARITIMA

temporis mTlitcs septimac lcgionis aggere et testudine
locum oppugnavcrunt. Tandem Britannos ex silvls
propulsavcrunt. Pauca crant vulnera Romanorum :
nam Romanl Britannos pondcre armorum et scientia
pug-nandl multum superabant ; magnitudine et robore
corporis Britannl Romanos superabant. Sed Romanl
quoque homines robust5 corpore erant."

ESSEDU.M BUITANMCC.M.

31. " Vict5ria Cacsarl non multum pr5fuit : nam
Britannls fugatls instarc n5n potcrat, quia naturam locl
ign5rabat. Praeterea praefectus castr5rum, n5mine
Ouintus Atrius, magnum incommodum nuntiavcrat :
tcmpestas navigia in lltorc afflictaverat. Tem "(us
pcrlcul5sum crat ; nam Cacsarl nccessc erat a flumine

48 ORA MARITIMA

ad iTtus maritimum properarc, et legiones suas
ab insectatione Britannorum revocare. ]\Iulta ex
navigils in vadls afflictata erant ; cetera novls
armls ornanda erant. Opus mag-ni laboris erat, et
aliquantum temporis postulabat. Sed nautarum atque
militum virtijs magno opere laudanda erat. Non
solum per diurna sed etiam per nocturna tempora
laboraverunt. Interea Caesar nova navigia in Gallia
aedificat : sine navigils n5n poterat copias suas in
Galliam reportare; uno tempore necesse erat et navigia
reparare et contra Britannos bellare."

XL Naves Romanae,

[3rd Declenslon continued : nouns like naz^/s.]

32. "Duo erant generanavium in classe Romana;
unum erat genus navium longarum, alterum navium
onerariarum. Naves longae ad pugnam aptae erant,
naves onerariae ad onera atque multitudinem
hominum et equorum transportanda. Tota classis
Caesaris octingentarum erat navium ; nam sescentas
naves onerarias per hiemem in Gallia aedificaverat,
ut narravl. Inter ceteras, ducentas numero, nonnullae
navcs longae erant. Sed navibus longls revera non
opus crat Caesarl ; nam Britannls antlquls nulla erat
classis ; neque naves onerarias aedificabant." Tum
ego " Britannia nondum domina undarum erat "
inquam ; " sed quomodo frumentum exportare
poterant, sl nullas navcs aedificabant .'' " " \'enet-
orum naves " inquit patruus meus " frumentum
Britannicum in Galliiim portabant, et e.\ (jalliu

ORA MARITIMA

gemmas, vitrca, cctcra in Britanniam. Nam VenctT,
natio maritima, in ora Gallica habitabant. Hostes
fucrant Romanorum, ct magnam classem com-
paravcrant."

33. Tum Marcus " Num nati5ncs barbarae "
inquit " navcs lonCTas ornarc poterant .'' " Et patruus
mcus " Formam nfivium Gallicarum Caesar in tertio
libro Bclli GallicT commemorat. Puppes altae erant,
ad magnitudincm tempestatum accommodatae ;
carTnae planae. VcnetT nilves totas ex rSbore
fabricabant ; ad ancoras catenTs ferrcTs, non funibus,
deligabant. Pclles pro velTs erant, sTve propter iTnT
inopiam, sTvc quia in pellibus plus firmitudinis quam
in velTs iTneTs erat. Naves longae R5man5rum n5n
tam altae erant quam Venet5rum, sed rostrTs ferreTs
et interdum turribus armatae erant ; itaque vict5riam
a VenetTs reportaverant." Tum Alexander " Num
naves R5manae laminTs ferrcTs armatae erant .'' " inquit.
Sed Marcus : " Ouid opus erat laminTs ferrcTs, sT
tormenta hodicrna antTquTs dcerant .^ "

50 ORA IVIARITIMA

XII. Gentium Britannicarum Societas.

[3rd Declension continued : nouns Vike ^cns, fars].

34. Tum patruus meus reliqua de expedltione
Caesaris narravit. " Dum milites nautaeque Romanl
classem novls armls ornant, Caesar ad rcliquas copias
properat. Interea hostes summum imperium
Cassivellaund mandaverant. Cassivellaunus non erat
rex ijniversarum gentium Britannicarum, sed dux
vel princeps gentis Cas.sorum. Anno tamen quarto
et quinquagesimo ante Christum natum magna pars
gentium Britanniae merldianae se sub Cassivellauno
contra Romanos consociaverant. Flumen Tamesa
flnes Cassivellauni a finibus gentium maritimurum
separabat ; ab oriente erant flnes Trinobantium ; ab
occidente Britannl mediterranel. Superiore tempore
bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et rcHquas
gentes ; atque Trinobantes auxiHum Romanorum
contra CassiveHaunum imploraverant, quia regem
suum trucldaverat. Numerus hostium magnus erat ;
nam, ut Caesar afiirmat, inflnlta multitudo hominum
erat in parte mcrldiana Britanniae."

35. " Caesar formam et incolas Britanniae in
capite duodecimo et tertio decimo librl quintl com-
memorat. Incolac partis interioris Ccltae et barbarl
erant ; incolae maritimae partis ex Belgio pracdac
causa immigraverant, slcut pri5re aetate trans flumen
Rhenum in Bclgium migraverant. Kt nonnulla
n5mina gentium maritimarum, unde n5mina urbium
hodicrnarum dCMivfita sunt, P>clgica vel GaUica sunt.

ORA MARITIMA 5I

Belgac autcm fi GcimrmTs oriundl erant, ut Caesar in
capite quart5 librT secundT dcMnonstrat. Itaque pars
BritannSrum antTquorum Germanica orTgine erant.
Formam insulae esse triquetram declarat. Scd
unum latus ad Galliam spcctarc cxistimat, alterum ad
Ilispaniam atque occidentem, tertium ad septentriones.
Itaque de lateribus et angulls laterum errabat.
Hiberniam ab occidcnte parte Britanniae esse recte
iudicat, insulam Monam inter Britanniam et
Hiberniam esse."

XIII. Maria Britannica.

[3rd Declension continiicd : nouns like mare].
3G. " Lateris prlml longitfidinem circiter quin-
genta mllia esse iudicat, secundl scptingenta, tcrtil
octingenta. Itaque de magnitiadine insulae non
multum errabat. Flumen Tamesam a marl circiter
octoginta mllia distare iudicat." Hlc nos puerl
" Errabat igitur " inquimus ; " nam inter Londinmm et
mare non sunt octdginta mllia." Sed patruus meus
"Recte iudicabat" inquit; "nam pars maris ubi Caesaris
castra erant circiter octoginta mllia Romana a
Londinio distat. Tria maria insulam nostram
circumdant ; inter Britanniam et Galliam est mare
Britannicum vel fretum Gallicum ; ab occidente mare
Ilibcrnicum ; ab oriente mare Germanicum. Nomina
marium temporibus antlquTs n5n usitata erant ; sed
iam Graecl Britanniam esse insulam iudicabant."

XIV. Britannia pacata.

[Recapilulation of nouns of ihe jrd Declension.]

37. " Inter Tamesam et mare Britannicum piTma

ORA ^rARITIMA

concursio erat Romanorum ciim c5piT.s Cas.si\-ellaiinT.
BritannT duas cohortcs Romanas in itinere fortiter im-
pugnaverunt. Ex silvTssuTs pr5volaverunt ; R5man5s
in fugam dcderunt ; mult5s R5man5rum trucTd-
averunt. Tum su5s a pugna revocaverunt. Novum
gcnus pugnaeR5manbs perturbaverat. Nam BritannTs
non mos erat iust5 proeli5 pugnare ; sed equitibus
essedTsque suTs per omnes partes equitabant, et
ordines hostium perturbabant ; tum consulto c5pias
suas revocabant. EssedariT interdum pedibus pugna-
bant. Ita m5bilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum
in proeliTs praestabant. Pedites R5map.T propter
pondus arm5rum n5n aptT erant ad luiiusmodT hostem.

liUllAN.M CUM RilMAMS IN lll.NKKl': riHl.NAM-.

ORA MARITIM.^ 53

Et equitibus Romanls peiiculosum erat se longo
intervallo a peditibus scparfire : neque pedibus
pugnare poterant."

38. " Itaque Romani ordincs suos contra equitcs
Britannorum in prlmo certamine non servaverant.

Sed postrldie Romanl victoriam reportavcrunt;
Britannl in collibus prccul a castrls Romanls stabant.
Caesar magnum numerum cohortium et univcrsos
equites lcgato suo Trebonio mandaverat. Hostes
subito provolaverunt, et ordincs Romanos impugn-
averunt. Sed Romanl supcriores fuerunt. Copias
Britannicas propulsaverunt, et in fugam dedcrunt.
Magnum numerum hostium trucldaverunt. Tum dux
continuls itineribus ad flumen Tamesam et in flnes
Cassivellaunl properavit. Cassivellaunus autem cum
quattuor mlHbus essedariorum itinera Romanorum
servabat, ct paulum de via decllnabat seque in silvls
occultabat. Interdum ex silvls provolabat et cum
militibus Romanls pugnabat ; Romanl autcm agros
Britannorum vastabant."

39. " In partc fluminis Tamcsae ubi flncs Cassi-
vellaunl erant unum tantum vadum erat. Qu6 cum
Caesar adventavit, copias hostium ad alteram rlpam
fliiminis collocatas spectavit. Rlpa autem sudibus
acLitis firmata erat ; ct Britannl multas sudes sub aqua
quoque occultaverant. Sed Caesar hostibus instare
non dubitavit. Aqua fluminis profunda erat, et milites
capite solum ex aqua exstabant ; sed Romanl se aquae

ORA MARITIMA

fortiter mandaverunt, et Britannos in fugam dederunt.
' Oppidum ' CassivellaunT non longe aberat, inter silvas
paludesque situm, quo Britannl magnum numerum
hominum, equorum, ovium, boum, congregaverant.
Locum egregie et natura et opere firmatum Caesar
ex duabus partibus oppugnare properavit : oppidum
expugnavit et defensores fugavit."

BuiTANNI CASrilA ROMANA Ol'1'Lv

40. " Sed in Cantio, ubi quattuor rcgcs Britannls
praeerant, nondum flnis erat pugnandl. Britannl
castra Romana ad mare sita fortitcr oppugnant ; sed
frustra. Ronianl victorcs. Interea multac ex clvitat-
ibus Britannicls pacem orant. Trinobantibus Caesar

ORA MARITIMA

novum rcgem dat, et pacem confirmat. Itaque propter
tot cladcs, proptcr flncs suos bello vastatos, maxime
autcm propter dcfcctioncm tot clvitatum, Cassivel-
launus de condicionibus pacis dcllberat. Cacsar paccm
dat ; Cassivellaunum vetat Trinobantcs bello vexare,
et tributum Britannls imperat. Tum copias suiis cum
magn5 numero obsidum et captlvorum in Galliam
reportat. Britannl fortiter sed frustra pro ails et
focls suis pugnaverant."

TR0?AKUM liK.llANMCUM.

56 ORA MARITIMA

XV. Robur et aes triplex.

[Adjectives of the 3rd Declension.]

41. Tum Marciis "ogentem fortem ct admlrabil-
em Britanndrum !" inquit. " Nam insigne erat facinus
quod contra Romanos, victdres orbis terrarum, tam
fortiter et nonnumcjuam prospere pugnaverunt. Non
mlrum est, sl R5manl vict5riam reportavCM-unt." Nos
sententiam Marcl comprobavimus. Sed iam n5na hora
erat, cum Alexander, digito ad orientem monstrans,
" Nonne naves procul a lltore spectatis } " inquit. Et
patruus meus " Ita est " inquit ; " nam illic est stati5
tuta navibus. Sed illae naves, ut put5, naves iongae
sunt ex classe Britannica ; nam pars classis nostrae

Navis Longa Britannica.

ORA MAKITIMA 57

nuiic in freto Gallico est. Tum ego "euge, optime! "
inquam ; " nfivem longam adhuc non spectavl. Sed
non tam grandcs sunt quam putavi." "Pergrandcs
sunt,".inquit patruus meus " sed procul a lltore sunt ;
omncs laminls ferrels, nonnullae arictibus vel turribus
armatae sunt."

42. Tum nautam veteranum de nominibus navi-
uin longarflm interrogavimus. In classe Britannica
militaverat, sed tum mllitia vacabat, et cuslds crat orae
maritimae. Nomina navium, ut affirmabat, erant
Grandis, Rcgdlis, Magnifica, Tonans, A rrogans, Fcrox ;
omnibus tcgimen erat laminls ferrels fabricatum. In
Grandi praefectus classis nfivigabat. Omnes ad
ancoram deligatae erant. Tum Ale.xander " Cur n5n "
inquit " ad naves in scapha navigamus?" Mihi et
Marco propositum pergrfitum erat ; et nauta ad
navigandum paratus erat. Itaque patruus mcus " Ser5
domum adventabimus" inquit ; " sed sl vos puerl
cupidl cstis navem longam spectandl, ego n5n deneg-
ab5." Tum nauta " Exspectate" inquit "dum omnia
par5 " ; et vcla rem5sc]ue in scapham portavit. Ouam
dulce erat in marl tranquill5 navigare! Ventus lenis
flabat, et brevl tcmpore ad Rcgdlcni appropinquavimus.
Tum ciassiaril n5bls navem ingentem monstraverunt
cum machinls, tormcntls, rostrls, ccterls.

43. H5ra iam decima erat cum a Rcgdll wos in
scapham dedimus. Tum ad lltus remigare necesse
erat ; nam ventus adversus erat. Kgo et Marcus una
cum patru5 mc5 et nauta vcteran5 rcmis lab^rfnimus.

58 ORA MARITIMA

Sed nbn ante undecimam horam m lltore stetimus,
Dum domum properamus, imber fuit, et neqesse erat
in tabcrna aliquantum temporis exspectare : intrav-
imus et nos recreavimus ; nam fatlgatl eramus. Sed
' post tenebrils lux.' Cum domum adventavimus, amita
mea et Lydia " Ubi tam diu fuistis?" inquiunt ; " nos
anxiae fuimus ; sed cena iam parata est." Tum nos
"Multa spectavimus " inquimus ; " ambuliitio longa
sed pcrgrata et utilis fuit." Post ccnam Marcus ct
Alexander Dubras in vehiculo properaverunt. Ego
per noctem de Britannls antlquls et de classe Britan-
nicahodierna somniavl. Ante oculos erant virl fortes
membrls robustls, flavls capillls, oculls caerulels cum
Romanls terra marlque pugnantes.

DULCE DOMUM.

Deus Salvam Fac Reginam,
Matre.m P^atriae.

PREPARATIONS

NOTE TO TIIE TeACHER ON THE PrONU NCIATION OF WOUDS. If the

last syllable but one of a worJ of more than Iwo syllables is lons;; it is also
iiccented : 'd short, the atcent is ihrown back on to the last syllable but Iwo,
But words of ortly Iwo syllables are always accented on the first of the Iwo.

Syllables closed by two or more consonants are moslly long, as in viLLa,
luSCima, iNTeRDiiin, paKTeni, uMBRa, feneSTRa ; so too are sylibles
containing a double vowel, as in iiAUtAE. But many syllables ending in a
single consonant and containing a single vowel are also long, because the vowel
is itself a long vowel : these vo\»els are marked in the lext and vocabuiaries
of this book. Thus beala and aiUiiiia have ihe middle syllable long, and are
Iherefore marked beata, antyqna : and it is because the middle syllable in each
of these words has a long vowel in it ihat it is accenied [bedta, anttqiia).
Vowcls which do not bear any mark niay bc regarded as short, as in doiiiiiia,
aiiiita, casa, quoijite, tiica, tita (accented doinina, dinita, cdsa, qnoque, tnc'a,
tiia).

In the Drill Exercises and Appendices (pp. 101-144) the quantities of the
long vo-.vels are not marked, except lor some special reason (e.g. in order to
dislinguish the ablative singular of the xst declension from ihe nominalive
singular). These pages will provide an opportunity of testing how far ihe ear
of the pupil has been trained by the sludy of the text.

PREPARATIONS

L The Sea Coast.

[English w<jrds connected with the
translations of them, are given in square

§1.

Latin by origin, but not intended ac I
brackets and Roman type.]

quam bella

hoiv beautifiil

viUae

of the country-house

est

area

an open space [area]

ora maritima

L the sea-shore

in area

in the open space

non procul

not/ar

castanea

a chestnut-tree

ab ora marit

ubi

where

ima

from the sea-shore

luscinia

a nightingaie

villa

a countrv-house

interdum

sometimes

[villa]

cantat

sings

in villa

in the country-house

sub umbra

uhder the shade

amita mea

my aunt

(umbra, shade ;

habitat

dweils, lives

cf. ' umbrella ')

atid

castaneae

of ihe chestnut-tree

ego habito

I divell, I am

ancilla

a maid-servant

staying

cenam ^axai prepares supper

cuni amita raea ^vith viy aunt

amo oram

I love the shore

nunc

now

amo villam / love t/ie pretty

ante ianuam

before the door

bellam

country-house

Compare the different forms of the same word (Singular
Number) in the foUowing sentences :

Villa bella est. There is a pretty country house, or T/ie countfj-
house is pretty.

Villam bellam amO. I love the pretty country-Iwuse.

lanua villae bellae est aperta. Tfu door of the pretty country-
house is open.

In villa bella habitu. / am staying in the pretty country house.

NoTE. ego habito, 1 am staying (where the word / has some
strcsb) ; amo, / love (whcre the word / has no stress.)

PREPARATIONS

§2.

feriae
sunt

feriae nunc sunt

inter ferias

in villa maritima

6 beatas ferias !

in arena

orae marilimae

ancorae

catenae

nam

holidays
are or there

are
it is now ihe

holidays
during t/ie

holidays
in the country-

house by

the sea
oh, the happy

holidays 1
on the sand
ofthe sea coast
anchors
and
chains
for

incolae
nautae
magna est

audacia

nautarum
procellas formi-
dant

nautas anio
ut

nautae
me amant
cum naulis
in scaphis

navigo

the inhabitants
sailors
great is (or is

great)
the courage
of sailors

they fear

storms
I like sailors
as

sailors
like me

with the sailors
ifi boais

[skiffs]
I sail [navi-

gate]

Compare the forms of the Plural ' nautae,' sailors, in the above
senlences : nautae me amant, sailors lihe iiic ; nautas amo, I like
sailors ; audacia nautarum, the courage of sailors ; cum nautis,
with sailors. Note that the ending -ae, like the EngUsh -s, has
two diffcrent meanings : nautae = (i) sailor^s, (2) sailors.

Compare the different forms of the same word (Plural Num-
ber) in the following sentences :

Villae bellae sunt. There are pretty country-houses, or Tli
country-houses are pretty.

Villas bellas amo. I love pretty countryhouses.

lanuae villarum bellarum sunt apertae. The doors of the pretty

couulry-hoiises are opcn.

In villis btrllis habitant. Thcy dwell in pretty country-houses.

§3.

ex fenestris

undas spectas
caeruleas

PREPARATIONS

otit oj ipxfrom)
the windows
thou seest (you
see) the waves
blue

quam magnae sunt hoiv big they
are (i.e. the

waves, und-

ae)

per-lucidae

transparent

[lucid]

post cenam

a/ter stipper

lunam specto

I see the moon

stellas

the stars

ex fenestra mea

from my win-

dow

prope villam

near the coun-

try-house

silva

a wood

saepe

often

ambulo

I walk

Quantopere

hoiv 7nuch

nos delectat
6 copiam

plantarum
herbarum

bacarum
non solum
sed etiam
agricolae
circum
habitant
casae

agricolarum
parvae
casas albas
habitant

casas visitat

delights us

oh the abund-

ance
ofplants
of grasses, of

herbs
of berries
notonly [solely]
but also
farmers
around
dzvell
the cottages
of the farmers
small

inhabit white

cottages
visits the

cotta^es

Compare the Singular and Phiral forms of the word 'amita'
in the following sentences :

Amita niea casas visitat. Aly aunt visits cottages.

Amitae meae casas visitant. My aunts visit cottagcs.
Amitam meani amo. I love my aunt.

Amitas meas amo. I love my aunts.
Amitae meae villa est bella. Afy aunfs country-house is pretty.

Amiiarum mearum villae sunt bellae. My aunts'
country-houses are pretty.
Cum amua mca ambulo. I tvalk with my aunt.

Cum amilis mois anibulo. 1 7valk ivith my aunts.

PREPARATIONS

Notice that the forms in -am (Singular) and -as (Plural) occur

(i) after certain Prepositions :

ante ianuam, beforc thc door ; post cenam, after suppcr ;
prope villam, near the hoiise ; inter feiias, durmg the holidays.

(2) without any Preposition, to complete the sense with certain
Verbs. The form in -am or -as is then called the Object of the
Verb, In the following sentences it will be seen that the forms
in -am and -as differ in meaning from those in -a and -ae just
as vie diflfers from / (or ' /«';//,' ' them,' ' 7ahom,' from ' he,'
*they,' 'who') in English : —

love

sailoi

Ego

amo

nautas.

Sai/ors

love

me.

Nautae

aman

me.

The maid

servant prepares

suppcr.

Ancilla

parat

cenam.

Sailors

inhabit

whitc

cottas;es.

Nautae

habitant

casas albas.

§4.

regina mea

my queen

undarum

of the 7mves

magna

great

triumplio

I triumpJi, I

gloria

the glory

exult

Vicloriae Reglnae of Queeti Vic-

te amo

I love tJiee

toria (or Queen

Britannia

0 Britain

yiJoria's)

vos

you

in insulis Brit-

insulae B

itann-

annicls

in the British

icae

0 British is/es

islands

non cst

is not

coloniae Britann

patria

native-Iand

icae

BritisJi colonies

ex Africa

domina

mistrcss

Meridiana

from SoutJi

[dame]

Africa

multarum terrarum of many lands

sum

I am

Note that the forms in -a (Singular) and -ae (Plural) may
be used in speaking to persons or tliings . in such cases we may
translate by using the word 'o' in EngHsh, but generally it is
bctter to leave out this word : te, Britannia, anio, / love thee,
Britai/i : vOs, insulae Biitannicae, amo, J leve you, BritisJi islcs.

PREPARATIONS

§5.

quoque

foo, aho

operani das

givest (gtve)

consobrina

cousin

attention

apud amitam

( = study)

meam

at the Jiouse of

ego operam do

I glve atten-

my aunt

tion

columbas curat

keeps doves

linguis antiquis

to tJie ancieni

cura

the care

ianguages

columbarum

of doves

Romae

of Rome

LyJiae

io Lydia

Graeciae

of Greece

laetitiam dat

gives delight

cum Lydia

see § I : cum

tii, Lydia

thou iyou),
Lydia

amita mea

ad siivam

to ihe tvood

cum

when

vel

thou art.

navigamus

we sail

you are

undae delectant

the ivaves de-

apud magistram

light

tuam

at the house of

vos, filiae, amatisjw/, o daugh-

thy iyouf)

ters, love

schoolmisti-ess

vos amat

loves you

linguae Franco-
gallicae

to the French

ubi . . . ibi

where . . there

language

inopia

want, poverty

Anglicae

to the English

levat

relieves

Compare carefuUy :

Ly diae laetitiam dat, gives pleasure tO Lydia.

ad Silvam ambulr>, I wa/k tO the wood.

The forms in -ae (Singular) and -is (Plural) meaning *to' are
often found wiih verbs of ' giving ' ; hence they are called the
' Dative Case' (Case of Giving). But they are notused with verbs
of^going') wiih these verbs 'to' \s expresscd by the Preposition
' ad ' foUowed by a form in -am (Singular) or -as (Plural).

PREPARATIO.NS

First Declension,

Name of Case.

Ist Case.

l.ulia

Lydia

Noniinative

2nd Case.

Lvdia

0 Lvdia

"Vocative.

3rd Case.

Lvdiam

Lydia

Accusative.

4th Case.

Lvdiae

Lydias, of Lydia

Genitive.

5th Case.

Lvdiae

io Lydia

Dative.

6th Case.

cum Lvdia

■vith Lydia

Ablative,

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

2
3
4
5

villa bella
villa bella
villam bellam
villae bellao
villae bellae {with a vcrb
cfgiviiif)

in villS bella

vi?lae bellae
villae bellae
villas bellas
villariim bellarum
villis bellls {'a<ith a verb of
'givittg')
in villis bellls

^^The Preposition which is uscd with the Ablative Case
must be varied to suit the sense of the noun which is being
dechned : e.g. 'cum Lydia/ but ' in villa ' or 'ex villa' or *a villa.'

Present Tense of 'sum' and Ist Conjug-ation.

ISt rERSON

2nd Pkrson
3rd Person

ist Person
2nd Person
3rd Person

SINGULAR.
snm, / am

63, thoH art {yon are)
est, he (she, it) is

spectO, J see

apectSs, thou ieest {you see)

spectat, he (she, it) sees

PLURAL.
snmns, we are
estis, you are
6unt, they are

spectamus, we see
spectitis, you see
spectant, they see

The verb 'do,' L give, has a short a in the ist and 2nd pcrson
pUiral : damus, datis.

PREPARATIONS

II. My Uncle.

§ 0. SS" In this and ihe foUowing Preparations the nouns of the ist Decl.
will be given in the Nom. Sing. , except when a whole phrase is quoted.

patruus meus

my tincle

prope hortum

near the gar-

quondam

once, formerly

den

praefectus

an officer

unde

w/ience, from

erat

7t'as

which

militia* vacat

he is free (i.e.

aqua

water

he has

retired) from

portamus

7ve fetch, we

mi/itary service

carry

agello suo

to his farm

hortum irrigamus we waier

agellus

the farm or
estate

[irrigate] tht
garden

patrui mei

of my iincle

in horto

in the garden

magnus

large

nunicrus

nitmber

circum viU

ani

around t/ie

ros.i

a rose

villa

viola

a violet

hortus

a garden

tibi

to t/iee, to you

murus

a 'iVall

mi patrue

0 ?ny unc/e

horti

of the gardcn

cum patruo meo

7vith my unc/e

altus

high

ambulas

i/iou wa//iest.

rivus

a stream -
[river]

you wa/k

*Note the

Ablat

ve without a Preposition, here meaning ' froni.'

Second Declensior

NOUNS AND AdJECTIVES IN -US.

SINGULAR NUMBER.

hortus bellus, a pretty garden

horte belle, o pretty gardeti

hortum bellum, a pretty garden

horti belll, of a pretty garden

horto bell5, to a pretty garden (with a
verb of ' giving ')

in horto bello, in a pretty garden

PREPARATIONS

§7.

angulus

ulmi

in ulmis

corvi

nidificant

corvos specto

libenter

angle^ corncr

elms

in the elms

crozvs

make nests

I watch the

crows
gladly

circum nidos suos round their

7iests
volitant tliey Jiy

cor vo ru m of crows

multi mergi many sea-gt!i/s

super oceanum over the ocean
mergi 0 sea-guiis

volitatis yoii fiy

praeda prey

captatis you catch

oceanus tJie ocean

mergis

cibum dat

agellus suus

equi

vacca

porci

galli gallinae-

gallos ciirat

vicus

rusticl

nonnuiii ex
rusticis

cum e(juls

to sea gulis
gives food
iiis estate
iiorses
cozu

pigs [pork]
que cochs and hens
minds t/ie cocks
a viiiage
tiie country-
/oik, tiie
rustics

some of{put of)

the rustics
7vith {togetJier

witJi) tJie

Jiorses

Note in the above : — 1. corvl nldificant, crotvs maJie nests.
2. vos, corvl, you, 0 croivs. 3. corvos specto, 1 watch crows.
4. namerus corvorum, a 7iumber o/ croivs. 5. corvls dat, gives
io crows. G. cum corvls, ivith c7-ozvs.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

2
3

4
5

hortus bellus
horte belle
hortum bellum
horti belli

horto bella (with a verb
of 't^iving')
iu horto bellS

horti belli
liorti bslli
hortos belloa
hortorura bcllorum
horlij belils (with a verb of
' giving ■)
in hortij bellia

rKKPARATIONS

§ 8. /tS" In this and Ihe following
in -tis wili be given in the Nom. Sing.

1'reparations the nouns of the 2n(l Decl.
, except when a whole phrase is quoled.

sropiihis albus

a 7vkife diff

spcctare

to see

ab-est

is distant

(undae) tran-

cahn, tranqiiil

noctu

by night, in the

quillae

{ivaves)

tiight time

havaris

you wash [lave]

pharus

lighthouse

delectatis

you delight

velut

as, even as

(undae) turbu-

stella clara

a bright star

lentae

rough, turbu-

in 5cean6

on the ocean

lent {waves)

illustrat

lights iip

spuinatis

you foani —^

[ilkistrates]

murmuratis

you viurniur -

IIL Ancicnt Monuments.

§ 9- ^^" In this and ihe following Preparations the verbs of ihe ist
Conjugation, Present Ten~e, will be givcn in the ist Pcrson Sing., except
where a whole phrase is qaoted.

in Cantio

/;/ Kent

m.uUos r.ummos

many coins

inter

betiveen

(nummos) aureoj

golden {coins)

Dubrae

JDover

(nummos) argen

(coins) made of

Rutupiae

Richborough

teos

silver

situs

situated —

(nummos) aeneos made of coppcr

opl^ida antlqua

aficient towns

et . . . et

both . . . and

nmka monumenta many monti-

Britannus

a Briton

ments

occulto

Ihide

vestlgia

vestiges, traces

causa

a cause, source

Romanus

a Roman

lucri

of gain [hicre]

rehquiae

relics

aro

I plough

oppidorum

of towns

fundamenta

thefoundations

amphithealrorum

of amphi-

aedificiorum

of buildings

theatres

[edifices]

hodie

to-day, at the

excavo

/ excavate

present day

magno pretio*

at a grcat price

ex-sto

lexist, remain

venum-do

I offerfor sale

via

a road

patruo mco est

my uncle has ;

Londinium

London

lileraily to my uncle

solum

soil

there is

*Note the Ablative without a rrcposition, here meaning 'at,'
(an expression of ' price ' or ' value ').

PKErARATIONS

Note the words Dubrae, Dover ; Rutiipiae, Richboroitgh ;
rcliquiae, relics. These words are Plural in form and have no
Siiigular. The first two are Singu'ar in mcaning, hke the English
'Alhenj' (Lalin 'Alhena^'); the third is Plural in meaning.

Second Declension— r.?;//'//»/^^.

NOUNS AND AdJECTIVES IN -UM.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

1, 2, 3
4
5

oppidum, a town, 0 town
oppidi, of a to-vn
oppido, to a town (with a
verb of ' giving ')
in oppido, in a io-am

oppila, to-ifns, 0 towns
oppidorum, of towns
oppidis, to toivns (with a
verb of ' giving ')
in oppidis, in towns

Similarly with an adjective : oppidum antlquum, an ancient town.

§ 10- t3' In this and the foUowing Preparations the nouns of the 2nd
Declension in -um will be given in the Nom. Sing., e.xcept when a whole
phrase is quoted.

conimentarii

dc vita mea
scriptito

super oppidum
castellum
specula
murl lati

notes^ com-

tnentaries
al out my life
1 7vrite, jot
down
[scribble]
above the town
fort [castle]
a watch tower
broad walls

aedificium con- a ronsecrated
secratimi building

iam already

secundo saeculo* /;/ the second
century

post Christum
naium

afler the birth
ofChrisl{\\\..
after Christ
born)
ba^iiHc.x Christ- c. Christian
iana basilica (or

church^

*Note the Ablative without a Prcposition, here meaning 'in'
(an expression of ' time whcn 'V

PREPARATIONS

§11.

promunturium

sto

post castellum

ClTvus gramineus

fretum Gallicum

oculus
velum album

§12.

delectamentum

puerorum
amicus
dud puerl
Marcus
puer

quattuor-decim
annus

quattuordecim
annorum

a pro)Hontor}\
headland

I stand

behind the
castle

a grassy JiUl
or doivn

the English
(lit. ^Ganic)
C/tciHfiel

an eye

a white sail

navigium Ger-

manicum
navigium Belgi-

cum
ndnnuUa (r;avi-

gia)
ex navigiis
sunt nominata
" casiella " i.e
littcra C
in signo
in (with Acc.)

a Gernian

vessel
a Belgian

vessel
some (^vessels)

of the vessels
are nanied
, Cast/e Lineri
t/ie /elter C
on t/ie flag
to

IV. Boys' Amusements.

amuse/nent
[delight]
of boys
friend
two boys
Mark
a boy
four-teen
year

offourteen
years, i.e. fourteen
years old
mihi io me

praecipuus ckief especia/,

particu/ar
Caledonia Scot/and

(puerl) oriundi {boys) sprung
nobis puerls sunt to us boys t/iere
are ( = \ve boys have ;
cf. patruo meo est, §9)
♦ Note the Ablative without
'from ' ; cf. militia vacat. § 6

condiscipulus
hber scholis*

amicitia

una

unda spumifera

nato

nimis

(undae) asperae

nos pueros

ludus

pila

iuvat

aedificare

contra undas

schoo/fe//ow
freefrom

/essoHS
friends/iip
toget/ier
a foamy 'wavc
I swim, bat/u
too

roug/i (waves]
us boys
game
ba// [pill]
how

it de/ig/its
to bui/d
against t/ie

waves

For the forms in -are see
§ 8 : spectare, to see.

a Prepositi®n, here nieaning

PREPARATIONS

7»

§13-

plenae gaudiorum full o/joys
a mane /ro»i morn
usque ad vesperum rightontill eve

[vespers]
nunnumquam sometimes (lit.

plerumque

remigo
do

mostlv, gencr-

aliy
I row
I set (cf. §5,

give)

Petrus
adulescentulus

not never)
Peter
a young man

ventus asper

guberno

ministro

a roiigh tvind
Isteer [govern]
/ altend

vlgmtl
remus *
(scapha) apta

twenty
oar

(a boat) /itted,
adapted

laudo

[minister]
I praise

♦ Note the

Dative meaning '

for ' {xtm\s, /or

oars).

Second Declension— (r^///'//«<'<;v/.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES LIKE 'PUER*

{Le., without the ending -us or -um in the Nom. Sing.)

S/NGULAR.

PLURAL.

1
2
3
4
5
6

puer, a boy
puer, 0 hoy
puerum, a boy
puerl, a boy's
puerO, to a boy
cum puerS, with a boy

pueii, boys
pueri, 0 boys
pueros, hoys
puerorum, boys"
pueiis, to hoys
cum pueris, with boys

There are not many nouns declined Hke ' puer.' Vesper,
evening or evening star, is Uke it for the most part, but has no
Plural. There are, however, a few adjectives (not many) dechned
like 'puer' in both Singular and Plural, for instance : \\htr /ree ;
miser, unhappy, miserable ; asper, rough ; spumifer, y6'fl//y, /oam-
bearing and other words compounded of fer, bearing).

PREPARATIONS

§ 14- i^ In tliis and the following rreparations the nouns of the 2nJ
Declension Uke fucr will be given in the Nom. Sing., except whcn a whole
phrase is quoled.

conimemoralus

Leir
regulus

locus p/ace

fabula p/fiy, dratna,

[fable]
vientioned
[commemorated]
Lear

ruier, petty
king
fortuna misera unhappy fate

[miserable fortune]
deploro / deplore,

ia?nent
stullitia foiiy

culpo I biatne

animus ingratus ijigratitude

(lit. an Ufigrateful
tnind)
accuso • / accuse

fortijna aspera harshfate
filiae impiae unnaturai

[impious] daughters

constantia
ex [loeta
nominatus

vir generosiis

amicus fldus

de scopulo

se praccipitare

paro

filius suus
virum servat

perlculum

constancy
named after
{/?-om) the
poet;
c. Shakspere^ s cli^
a ma?i of nobie
birth, a nobieman
[generoiis]
a fait/iful

friend
doivn f?-om the

ciiff
to huri hiinseij
[precipilate]
I prepa?-e
his ow?i son
saves the ??ia?i

[preserves]
peril, da?tger

Vir.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

1
2
3
4
5
6

vir, a man
vir, 0 mait
virum, a man
viri, a man^s
virO, to a man
cum viro, with a man

viri, tnen
viri, 0 men
viroa, men
virOrum, mfn^i
viria, to men
cum viris, ^vith men

There is no other word in Lalin e.xactly hke ' vir'; but 'Leir'
is declined in the same way in some Laiin Histories of the
TJritons.

PREPARATIONS

§15-

magister nostei

V. Our Schoolmaster.

vir doctus
peritus ludorum

our school-
?naster, teacher
a learned man
skilled hi (lit.
of) games
carus (with Dat.) dcar {to)
dextra right-hand

magistrl nostrl our school-
masters
(dextra) valida (a) strong

{right hand)
lazy boys
neither . . nor
love the tnaster
0 Sabidius
(see note below)
possum I can, I am

ahle
dicere (^rd Conj.) {to) say

puen pign
nec . . . nec
magistrum amant
Sabidl

quare

hoc tantum
quia

Ubros amant
(hbros) Graecos
(Ubros) Latlnos
discipulus
scholae nostrae
atque

scientiae raathe-
maticae

why
this only
because

they love hooks
Gj-eek {books)
Latin {books)
pupil [disciple]
of our school
and also

magistro nosiro
Hbrorum pulchr-

orum
schola nostra
(schola) clara

to our master

offine books
our school
(rt) famous
{school)
hbrls to books

in vlco nostro in our vilhige
ludus hlterarius an elementary
school (litterarius = where
pupils are taught ' lit-
terae,' cf. § 1 1). 'Schohi'
means a more advanced
kind of school
creber puerls* croivded {filled)
et pueUls with boys and

,(;ir/s
(creber) hberls zvith childrcn
(Plural of the adjective
hber, free : h'terally free
ones, i.e. children of
free-born parents)
cum Alexandro withA/exander
(cum) amlcls
mels

ad Ventam Del
arum

{wit/i) my
friends
at (or near)
lP'inc/iester
(Vcnta of ihe Belgae
in Hampshire)

mat/iematica/
sciences

The lines quoted abovc (from the poet Martial, about a Roman
called Sabidius) are the original of the following English verses:
I do not like you. Dr. Fell ;
The reason why I cannot tell.
r>ut this one thing I know fuU well,
I do not like you, Dr. Fell.
*Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning ' with.'

74 PREPARATIONS

Second Heelension—contiftued.

NOUNS AND Adjectives like ' magister.'

S/NGULAR.

PLURAL.

1
2
3
4
5
6

magister, a master
magister, o master
magistrum, a master
magistri, a master's
magistrS, io a master
cum magistro, with a master

magistrl, masters
magistrl, o masters
magistros, masters
magistrSrum, masters'
magistris, to masters
cum magistris, with masters

Most nouns and adjectives of the 2nd Declension in er are
declined like ' magister ' : liber, book ; Alexander, Alexander ;
noster, oiir ; piger, lazy ; creber, crowded ; and many others.

These words differ from ' puer ' only in dropping the e in all the
Cases except the Nominative and the Vocative.

Uses of the Forms of Adjectives.

It will have been seen that the form of ilie adjective depends
on the form of the noun to which it belongs. Thus we have had:

magnz^i' numer«j, § 7 magnfl audaci^, § 2 magnww castell«w, §10

scopulwi' alb/zj, § 8 casa alb^, §3 \c\um alb«w, § 11

numm?/j antIqu?/5, §9 specula antiqua, §10 oppidura antiqu;////, §9

\)dXxViUS me«5, §6 amita mea, § i

vir doctwi, § 15

liber Latinwi', § 15

ventMi- asper, § 13 forti"ma aspera, § 14

It is clear, then, that there are many more forms of the

PREPARATIONS

adjective ihan of the noiin ; for each of the above adjectives has
three forms of the Nominative Caser--^

(omitted in some ad-
jectives hke 'asper')

Similarly we may arrange nouns in three classes :

Nouns which take

adjectivesin us{ox

those like 'asper')
numerus
nummus
patruus
vir*
liber*
etc.

*Note that in these cases thc ending of the noun is not the same as that of
the adjective which goes with it.

To these three classes of nouns it is convenient to give names,
nouns of the first class are called 7nascii/ine, those of the second
class are cMed /efn/nine, tliose of the third ckiss are called ncu/er.
And the forms of the adjective taken by ihe diffcrent ckasses of
nouns are called by the same namcs.

In order to know to which class a noun belongs (and thcrcfore
which form of the adjective it takes), observe the Ibllowing rulcs: —

Nouns of the Ist Declension are feminine, except those denoting
male persons, which are mascuhne : thus insi//a, casa, ora,
amita, are feminine ; agrico/a, nauta, pocta, inco/a, are
mascuhne.

Nouns of the 2nd Declension ending in us or r are masculine :
e.g. numerus, scopu/us, patruus, /iber, vir. Some exceptions
will be found later.

Nouns which take

adjeclives in -a

adjectives in -unt

audacia

castellum

casa

vjlum

specula

oppidum

amita

etc.

fortuna

etc.

Nouns of the 2nd Declension ending in um are neuter.

PREPARATIONS

Table of thf, Forms of Adjectives.

SJNGULAR

PLURAL,

masc.

/em.

neut.

masc.

/em.

r.eui.

magnus

magna

magnum

magni

magnaa

magna

magne

magna

magnum

magni

ma^nae

magua

magnum

magnam

magnum

magno3

maguas

magna

magni

magnae

magni

magnorum

magnarum

magnorum

5
6

magno
magno

magnae
magna

magnS
magno

1 magnis

magnis

1,2

asper

aspera

asperum

asperi

asperae

aspera

asperum

asperam

asperum

asperoi

asperas

aspera

asperi

asperae

aspen

asperorum

asperarum

asperorum

5
6

asperS
aspero

asperae
aspera

asperS
asperd

l asperis

asp eris

asperis

1,2

noster

nostra

nostrum

nostri

nostrae

nostra

nostrum

noBtram

nostrum

nostros

nostrSs

nostra

nostri

nostrae

nostri

nostrorum

nostrSrum

nostrorum

5
6

nostro
nostro

nostrae
nostra

nostro
nostro

1 nostris

nostris

PrEPOSITIONS HITHERTO FOUND WITH THE AbLATIVE.

ab ora maritima, §i.

CUm nauti's, §2.

de vita, §io; de scopulo, §14.

ex fenestris, §3.

in ( = in) : in Africa, § 6.
{ = on) : in arena, §2.
SUb ( = under) : sub umbra, § i.

PrEPOSITIONS HITHERTO FOUND WITH THE ACCUSATIVE.

inter fCnTis, §2.

post ccnaui, §3.
prope silvam, §3.
SUper oceanum, § 7.

ad silvam, § 5.

ante ianuam, §1.

apud amitam meam, §5.

circum villam, § 6,

in ( = into or to) : in Africam, §11

PREPARATIONS

VI. Ancient Britain.

§i6.

S.-^" In this anJ the following Preparalions all nouns and adjectives of
thc ist and 2nd Deciensions will be given in the Nom. Sing., except when a
whole phrase is qiioted.

hisloricus, a, um

historical

silva Anderida

tJie Andreds-

siudiosus, a, um

fond, siudiotis

weaid

narro

Itell,I fiarraie

{weaid={Q)X&%i)

proximus, a, um

nearest

vastus, a, um

wiid, waste

proximo anno*

last year

[vast]

dum

ivJiile

incu'tus, a, uin

uncuitivafed

crat

tvas {he 2vas)

fera

zviid heast

narrabat

he used fo ieil

lupus

woif

or fiarrafe

Utsus

bear

auscultabnnt

{fhey) used fo

ccrvus

sta^

iisfen

ai)er +

wiid boar

ad-cram

I used to be

mullus, a, un

niuch

present

varius, a, um

varied

sic

SJ, thus, as

matcria

timber

foiiows

[tiiaterial]

fere

aiinost

fagus (fcin.)

beech

totus, a, um

wJ:o!e [total]

K^Most

nouns denoting

tola Llritannia

tJie zvhoie of

trees are f

cminine

Britain

notus, a, um

knoivn

The

adj. totus.a, um

is irregular in the

Gaius Itihiis

i.e. Caesar

Gen.

and Dat. Sing.

verus, a, um

true

densus, a, um

dense, tJiicJi

vera (neut. pl.)

true tJiings, tJie

fluvius

river

trufh

Tatncsa t

TJuimes

afifirmo

lajfrm,! sfafe

ager+

ficid

pTnus (fem.)

fine

frQgifcr, frugifera

fruifful

Scoticus, a, um

ScottisJi

frugiferum

[fruit-bcaring]

de-crat

was wanting

*Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning 'in'
(time when), cf. § lo secundo sacculo. f Tacitus calls the river
'Tatnesa;' Caesar calls it 'Tamesis' (^rd Decl.).
\ Declined like magister.

PREPARATIONS

§17-

liber, llbcra, liber-
um free

With Abl.;cf. §6, §12

metallum nietal

multl, ae, a many

abundabat abounded

With Abl.
plumbum album white lead

i.e. tin
ferrum iron

atque and moreover

Tacitus Tacitus,

a Roman historian
Zold

aurum

argentum

margarita

ostrea

dabat

parvus, a, um

praeclarus, a, um famous

caehmi sky, climate

tum quoque then too, i.e.

just as now
creber, crebra,

crebrum frequent

silver
pearl
[Margaret]
oyster

gave, yieldcd
small

pluvia* rain

nebula cloud

ater, atra, atrum dark
foedus, a, um hideous
prulna frost

ab-erant were absent

natura nature

piger, pigra, pigr-

um sluggish

testimonium testimony

nauta Romanus see §15 (Rule
of Genders)

inquit
vix

pot-erant
-ne

satis

impiger, impigra,
impigrum

says he

scarxely, hardly
were able
marks a qucs-

tion
(?r (in a ques-

tion)
sufficientty,

enough

active (ht. not
sluggish)

•Note the Ablative withouta Preposition, here meaning 'with':
pluviis foedum, hideous with rains. Coinpare § 15, creber pueris,
crotvded with boys.

PREPARATIONS

§i8.

incola antiquus

seep.75(Rule

flavus, a, um

yellow

of Genders)

mcmbrum

limb [member]

ferus, a, um

savage

robustus, a, um

stnrdy, robust

bellicosus, a, um

warlike

Caledonius

Caledonian

erant

were

Cambria

Wales

hasta*

spear

coloratus, a, um

sufi-burnt

sagilta

arrotv

[colouied]

essedum

chariot

statura

height, stature

inter se

aiiiong them-

niger, nigra,

selves, with

nigrum

black [nigger]

one another

universT, ae, a

all

pugnabant

t/iev used to

[universal]

fight

vitrum

woad (blue

proelium

bat-tle

colouring

delectabant

used to delight

niatter)

dlversus, a, um

diverse, differ-

colorabant

iised to colour

ent

hodiernus, a, um of the present

populus

tribe [a people]

day

Celta

Celt

vestlmentum

gannent

slcut

as (lit. so as,

[vestment]

just as)

corium

skin

Germanus

Gerinan

con-stabant

tised to con-sist

capillus

Jiair

Note Ablative without Preposition (hastis, 7vith spears).

Past Imperfect Tense of 'sum

and Ist Conjug-ation

ist Person
2nd Person
3rd Pkrson

SINGULAR.

eram, I ivas

erSs, thou wast (you were)

erat, he (she, it) zvas

PLURAL.
erfimuB, we were
erStis, you were
erant, they were

ist Person
2nd Person
3rd Person

spectSbam, / -> ^
spectSbSs, you l ^
gpectabat, he(she, it)] %

spectabamua, we -\ ^
spectabatis, yju J-5
spectSbant, they J "c

The verb 'do,' / give, has the first a short in the Past Im-
perfect : dibam, dibas, dibat, dibamus, dibatis, dSbant.

PREPARATIONS

§19.

KS" In this and the foUowing Preparations the verbs of the ist Con-
jugation Present or Past Imperfect Tense will be given in the ist Person Sing.
of ihe Prescnt.

hTc

here^ at tliis

GalHa

Gaul

point

in (with Acc.)

to, into

nonne

not ? ( = non H-

causa*

for the sake

ne ; cf. ver-

frumentum

corn

umne, §17)

armentum

herd

ille

/le {i.e. the

catulus

dog

teacher)

venaticus, a.

hunting

aedifico

I build, §12

servus

slave

loca (neuter)

plural of 'locus

captlvus

captive

(masc.) place

exporto

I eyport

fiimatus, a, um

fortified

frenum

bridle

quintus, a, um

fifth

vitrea (neut.

pl.)

glass vessels

Bellum Gallicum

the Gallic War
(nameofone

gemma

gcni prccious
sto?ie

of Caesar's

ceterl, ae, a

the others, the

works)

7-est

muiti (masc.)

maiiy (j>eopk)

cetera (neut.)

the othertJiings,

puto

Ifa?ic}\ think

Eng. 'etcetera

itaque

therefore,

importo

/ ifnport

accordingly

mediocricer

mode?-ateIy,

plane

altogether

tolerably

barbarus, a, um

barl>arotiS

humanus, a,

civilized

agrl cultfira

agriculture

[humane]

(cultivation

nec

a?id ?iot

of the land)

multum

viuch, very

etiam

even, also

dlversus a

different froin

mercatura

cojnmerce

a = ab, §1

[merchandize]

Galll

thc Gauls

Venetl

a tribe on the

west coast of Gaul

•Note the Ablative without a Prcposition, hcre meaning 'by':
causa, hterally by cause or by reason ; hence for the sake.

PREPARATIONS

§20

mortui

the dead

sacer, sacra,

cremo

I burn

sacrum

sacrcd

sepulchrum

tomb

sacra (neut. pl.)

sacrcd ritei

[sepulchre]

cf. vera, §i6;

urna

urn

mediterranea

pulchre

beautifully

Druidae (masc.)

Druids

ornatus, a, um

ornamented

saevus, a, um

savage, cruel

fabricare

to mamifacturc

femiiia

xcoman

[fabricate]

pro victimls

instead of

in-humanus, a,

um un-civilized

(Abl.)

victims,

rota

wheel

as victims

ferriitus, a, um

fitted with iron

sacrifico

I sacrifice

animl causa

for the sake of

miser, misera.

ainusement

miserum

unhapfy,

(Ht. oftfu mind)

?niserable

esca

food, eating

crucio

I torture

medilerranea

trucldo

I slaughter

(neut. pl.)

Midlands

simulacrum

image

(midland

plenus, a, uni

filled (with ihe

parts; cf

Abl.); or///// (with the

vera, §i6)

Gcn.), §

13. §16.

humo

/ bury ■

discordia

quarrgl

ferlna*

flesh of wild

[discord]

animals.

inter se

see § 18 : inter

game

se pugnabant

victito

I live

victoria

victory

deus

god

parabant

say prepared

fanum

shrine

the way for

htcus

grove

*Note the Ablative without a Preposition, here meaning 'by
means of ' : ferin;x victitabant, they lived on ( = by means of) game.

Summary of meanings of the Ablative without a Preposition:
from (§6, §12) ivith (jgi^, 17, 18, 20 after plena)

at (§9) by (§19)

in (§ 10, §i6) by means <)/"(§ 20)

PREPARATIONS

VII. Footprints of thc Romans.

§21. I^ From this point onwards the a of the Ablative Singular,
Declension, is not distinguished by the long mark in the text.

nuper

recently, lately

ambulabitis

yoti will walk

me-cum

zvith me

nobls-cum

with us

delectabit

it will delight

ego vero

I ifideed

inquam

I say

ambulabo

will walk

visitare

to visit

te-cum

with thee, with

sto

I stand

you

monstra

shoiv

niihi

io me

nobls

to us

pergratus, a, um

very pkasing

amabo te

please (lit. /

nioiistrabis

you 7vill sho7V

shall loveyori)

festlna lente

hasten slo7vly

ruTnae (pltir.)

rieins

i.e.

dontgo too jfazi

Rutuplnus, a, um

belonoing to

nullus, a, um (ir

Richborough

regular in Gen.

tum

then

and Dat. Sing.^

710 1 any

longus, a, um

long

disputo

I dispute

aliquando

some day

quota hora

at zvhat Jiour,

monstrabo

I will show

at 7vhat cfclock

{them)

paratus, a, um

prepared, ready

cras

to-morrow

erilis

you ivill be

vobls

to you

quinta hora

at thefifth hout

gratus, a, um

pleasitig

i.e. (

it eleven dclock

erit

it will be

inquiunt

they say

amlnilabimus

we shall tvalk

§22.

postrldie
serenus, a, um
ientaculum
dabitis

vos in \\zxvi.

cenare

on the next day
clcar [serene]
breakfast
ivill you give
yourselves to
the road
i.e. will you start

to siip, to dine
from ceno, I sup

pot-eritis
Uubrls*
adventabunt
intra duas

horas
ambulare
pot-erimus
iinus,a,um(irre2;

willyou be ablt
from Dovcr
will arrive
within tivo

hours
to 'iValk
wc shall be ablt
one

inG. &D.Sing.)

PREPARATIONS

red-anibulabimus tve shall ivalk

back

decimus, a, um tetith

undecimus, a, um eleventh

doml at home

spero / hope

ieiunus, a, um huNgry

trimus shall we be

nihil

gustabimus

prandium

vobis-cum

portate

crustulum

pomum

curabo

nothing

we shall iasle

liinch

with yoii

carry

cake

apple

will provide

*Note the Ablative without a Prcposition, here meaning 'from.'
RuLE. — Names of Towns take no Prepositions to exprcss the
mcaning ' from ' or ' to ' with a verb of * going.'

Future Tense of 'sum' and Ist Conjugation.

ISt

Person

2nd

Person

3rd

Person

ISt

Person

2nd

Person

Srd

Pbrson

SINGULAR.
era, / shall be
eris, thou will be

{yoti will be)
erit, /le (she, it) will be

•pectabO, / shall see
■pectabifl, thou zvilt see
(you will see)
■pectSbit, he (ske, it) willsee

PLURAL.
erimua, we shall be
eritis, you will be

erunt, they will be

spectabiiuus, we shall see
epectabitis, you will see

spectSbunt, they will see

NoTE. — The verb ' do,' I give, has the a short in the Futurc :
dabo, dabis, dabit, dabimus, dabitis, dabunt. Also in 'dare,' to
give ; and see notes on §5 and §18.

Imperative of Ist Conjug-ation.

2nd Person.

SINGULAR.
■pect&, see (thoti)

PLURAL.
■pectSte, see (ye)

PREPARATIONS

§23-

tS" In ihis anJ the following Preparationsnew verbs of the ist Conjugation,
Future or Imperative, will be given in the ist Pers. Sing. of the Present.

appropiiKiuo

cupide

exspecto

ad sonum

tintinnabulum

properavl

ecce

ad ianuam

intraverunt

exclamavimus

euge

opportune

adventavistis

sero

/ approach

eagerly

I expect

at thi sound

bell

I hastened

beJiold

at the door

they entered

ive exclaimed

bravo !

in the nick of
ii7ne [opportunely]

yoii have
arrived

marks a ques-
tion, like
whether

late

adventavimus ice have

arrived
fere almost

tertius, a, um third
fuit it was

nos dedimus* we gave our-

s»lves
celeriter quickly

non pot-est is not abie, can

not
fatigatus, a, um //>!?(/ [fatigued]
quota hora est ? wh(it o^clock is

itl
noiidum not yet

ad ambulandum for wa/king
nos vero that we are !

(parati sumus) (cf. §21)
bene ambulate lit. ivalk 7cell,

i.e. good bye

*It is well for the pupil lo realize from the first that there is no Conjugalion
in which all the verbe form their Perfect Stems in the same way. Such
forniations as ' dedi' are irregular only so far as the Stem is concerned.

§24.

inter viam

on the way

propinquus, a, um ncighbouring

multa

many tliings

paravit

Jie preparcd

de (with Abl.)

about

quinquagesimus

narravit

toid [narrated]

a, uin

fiftieth

prlmus, 0, um

first (for Abl.

copiae (plural)

forces

cf. §10)

transportavit

he transported

ante Chr. natum

cf §10

navigavit

/le sai/ed

bello

/ wage zvar

quo

w/iit/ier, to

postquam

after, when

ivhic/i

Nervii

a tribe in

appHcavit

/le brought to

Bel:i;ium

land

de-bellavit

he defeated

diu

tong

contra (with Acc.

) against '

disputaverunt

/uive disputed

PREPARATIONS

ad navigia
applicanda

idoneus, a, um

Dubras*

armatus, a, um

alius (irregular in
declension)

fuerunt

per (with Acc.)

properaverunt

pugna

ad pugnam

for vesseis to be
broiighi to latid

fitted, siiitable
to Dover
armed

another
were
along
hastened
fight, batt/e
for battle

paraverunt {they) prepared

se theviselves

necesse tiecessary

Romanls (Dat.) for the Ro-
nians

ad ancoras de-
ligare

vadum
cquitaverunt

tofasten to
atichors,
to anclior

shai/ow p/ace

they rode

copiam dedeiunt they gave an
opportunity

*The Accusative of the naaiie of a Town without a Prepositon
sometimes means 'to — '; cf. Rule, §22.

Perfect Tense of 'sum' and Ist Conjug-ation.

ist Person
2nd Person

3rd Person

ist Person
2nd Person

3rd Person

SINGULAR.
fui, I was
fuuti, thou wast

(you were)
fuit, he {she, it) was

spectaTi, I saw
spectSvisti, thou sawest

(yoii saw)
spectavit, he (she, it) saw

PLURAL.
fuimus, we were
fuistis, yoH were

fuerunt, they were

spectavimus, we saw
spectSvistis, you saw

spectaverunt, they saw

NoTES. I. — The Perfect may often be translated I /lave been,
I /lave seen, etc. ; virl docti disputaverunt, /earned ?ncn /lave
disputed.

2. — The verbs ' do,' / give, and ' sto,' / stand, unHke other
verbs of thc ist Conjugation, mnke the Perfects ' dcd-i,' / gave,
' sici-i,' / stood ; but ihe endings (-1, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt)
iire the same as in other Perfects ; thus ' dcd-erunt,' they gave.

PREPARATIONS

§2S

i^ In this anil the follouing Preparations new verbs of the ist Conj.,
Perfect Tense, will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Present.

adventaveramus

we had arrived

nisi

uniess, if . . noi

hlc

here

ignavus, a, um

coivardly

campus

the plain

certe

at any raie

apertus, a, um

open

officium

duty

ad copias

for forces

praesto

I perforvi

explicandas

io be deployed

congregaverant

had gathered

illlc

yonder

impigre

activeiy,

fortasse

perhaps

bravely

piscatorius, a, um

fishing

confusus, a, um

confused

deligaverat

had fastefied

primo

atfirst

col-locaverant

had placed

laboro

I iabour, am in

[located]

difficuliies

incitaverant

had urged

tandem

at iength

[incited]

propulso

I drive o(f

reliquus, a, um

the rest

occupo

Iseize [occupy]

dubito

I hesitate

fuga

flight

[doubt]

dederant

had given

aquili-fer

the eagk-bearer

numquam

never

aquila

the eagle

antea

before

congrego

I gather [con-
gregatej

steterant

had stood

laudandus, a, um laudable

Pluperfeet Tense of 'sum' and Ist Conjugation.

ist Person
2nd Person

3rd Person

ist Person

20(1 l'ERSON

3rd Person

SINGULAR.
fueram, / had been
fueras, thou hadst been
{you had been)
fuerat, he {she, it) had been

apectaveram, / had seen
BpectaTera», thou hadst seen

{you had seen)
spect&verat, he {she, ii) had
seen

PLURAL.
fueramm, we had been
fueratis, you had been

fuerant, they haJ been

Bpectaveramua, we haJ seen
spectaTeratis, you had seen

spectayerant, they had seen

PREPARATIONS

§26.

iS" After this Preparation new verljs of the ist Conjugation, Pluperfect
Tense, wili be given in the ist Person Singular of the Present.

postulo

/ demand

satiatus, a, um

stitisfied

septimus, a, um

seventh

mora

dc/ay

ruber, rubra, rub

fuerit

will have been

red

quando

when 1

recreavermius

we shall have

per (with Acc.)

throii^h, during

refreshed

quinque

five

nos

oiirselves

alter, altera,

a second, an-

domum

hofnetvards.

alterum

other

home

(irregular in Gen

adventaverimus

ive shall have

and Dat. Sing

)

arrived

recreavero

I shall have

interea

meamvhile

refreshed

mi Antonl

my {dcar)

ffiyself

Ajithonv

cachinno

I laugh

exspectaverit

ivill have
expected

mox

soon

Future Perfect of 'sum' and Ist Conjugation. j

SISGULAR.
fuero, / shall have been
fuerifl, thoii ivilt have been
{you will have been)
fuerit, he {she, it) ■will have been

PLURAL.
fuerimUB, we shmll have been
fueritis, you wilt have been

fuerint, they will have been

BpectSverS, / shall have seen
spectaTeriB, thou wilt have seen
{you ivill have seen)
gpectSverit, ke (she, it) will have seen

spectSverimus, we shall have seen
spectSveritis, you will have seen

apectSverint, they will have seen

PREPARATIONS

VIII. First expedition of C. Julius Catsar.

§27- i^Fion» this point onwards all new vcrbs of the ist Conjugation
will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Prescnt.

expeditio

expedition

inquimus

we say

Caesaris*

of Caesar

proconsul

proconsiil

calor

heat

ties

three

solis

of the sun

nationes

tribes [nations]

aeris

of the air

duodesexagesim

- ffty eighth, lit.

neque

nor{and . . not)

us, a, um

2 froni 6oth

paulo post

a little after

Caesarem pro-

had created

solem obscCirav-

consulem cre-

Caesar pro-

erunt

obscuredthesun

averant

C07lSul

imber

a shower

autem

however

sol

tJie sun

esse

to be

splendore f

with splendour

ex-istimo

I consider

iterum

a second time
had tempered

[estima te]

calorem temper-

revera

really

averat

the heat

ex nationibus

of the tribes

de Caesare *

about Caesar

auxilium

/le/p, aid

imperatore

general

auxilia (plur.)

auxiliaries

[emperor]

subministro

I supply

interrogo

/ ask, enquire

Trinobantes

a British tribe

ciar

why

in Essex

expedltionem

hc prepared his

Cassi, 2

a tribein Herts

suam paravit

expedition

imploro

/ iviplore

* The lelter C before Julius Caesar stands for Gaius (Gdiuiii, Gdi, Gdio).
tNote ihe Ablative wilhout a Preposition, here meaning ' with' ; c/- §i5i 17, 20.

Third Declension.
NouNS LiKE 'Caesar,' ' Expeditio,' etc.

SIXGULAR.

PLURAL.

1
2
3
4
5
6

Caesar, Caesar
Cassar, 0 Caesar
Caesar-em, Caesar
Caesar-is, Caesat^s
Caesar-i, to Caesar
cum Caesar-e, with Caesar

Caesar-es, Caesars
Caesar-es, 0 Caesars
Caesar-es, Caesars
Caesar-um, 0/ Caesars
Caesar-ibus , to Caesars
cum Caesar-ibus, with Caesais

PREPARATIONS

So are declined words like 'aer,' air, 'sol,' sun^ and niany
words ending in or, such as 'calor,' heat, 'splendor,' s/^Ietidour,
'imperator,' commande?--in-chief. So too are declined words like
'expeditio,' expedition, excfpt that they havc dropped an ' n ' in
the Nominative Singular : thus we have — ■

.SINC.ULAR.

1, 2 expeditio

3 expeditidn em

4 expedition is

5 expedition I

6 in expedition e

PLURAL.
expedition es
expedition es
expcditionum
expedition ibus
in expedition-ibus

(Many words ending in 0, especially those ending in ^/J and gOi
have also a change of vowel in the stem : see next section, note).

Nouns of the ^rd Declension in io, do, or go are nearly all
feminine, except when they denote male persons. The other
nouns decHned hke Caesar are mostly masculine, especially those
endins: in or.

venia pardon

a victor-ibus from the victors
ullus, a, um any

(irregular in Gen.

and Dat. Sing.)
nisi except ; cf. § 35

paucl, ae, a afeiv

proximus, a um next ; cf. § 16
miilto maior-em much greater,
lit. grcater
by much
sescentl, ae, a six hundred
onerarius, a, um of burden
legion-es legions

cum multi- with a jnu/ti-

liidin-e* tudi

§28.

avaritia

avarice

exspectatio
praeda
cupidus, a, um

expectation
booty ; cf. § 7
desirous

vlsitandi

of visiling

explorandl
ignotus, a, um

of exploring
unknoivn

remotus, a, um

remote

ignotum

pro (with Abl.)

an unknown

thing
for, instead of

pro magnifico est is regarded as a

magjiificent

ihing
com-par5 -^ g^^ together

re-porto I carry ojf

* Niite that thc stcm of this word diffcrs from the Numinative Singular iiot
only in having an n, but also in ihe change of vowel : Nominative Singular
tnullitudo, stem mulliluJin-.

PREPARATIONS

IX. Pcace violated.

^ 29. tS' In the followini^ Preparation each new noun of the ^rd declension
will bs given only once (in ihe Nominalive Singular, wiih the stem added in
brackets whenever it differs from the Neminative Singular).

pax (pac-), 3
violalus, a, uni
violo

aestas (aestat-), 3
quartus, a, um
dux (duc-), 3
niiles (milit-), 3
eques (equit-), 3
tempestas

(tempestat-), 3
medius, a, um
navigatio (naviga-

tion-), 3
non iam flabat
piospere

labor (labor-), 3

feace
violated
I violate
summcr
fourth
leader [duke]
J(?/i'//(?r[mili!ary]
horse-soldier
weather

[tempest]
jiiid *
Toyage [naviga

tion]
no longer blexv
successfiiilj,

prosperously
labour. toil

remigandi of rowi?ig

virtus (vittut-), 3 piuck [virtue]
magnopere greatly

(cf. quantopere how ffiuch)
prior (prior-), 3 /ohfter
inde thence

trecenti, ae, a three hufidred
castra t, 2 caftip

statio(station-),3 station

in stalione on guard
reservo / reserve

periculosus, a, um dangerous
defensor (defen- defetider

sor-), 3 I
nudare to strip (cf.

incitare, to urge on :
spectarc, §8; § 12)

* In media navigatione, literally in midvoyage ; but we should generally say
in EngUsh ?'« the tniddle of the voyage.

t A neuter phiral noun of the 2nd declension, with singular meaning.

JXote the Ablative wilhout a Prcposition, properly meaning ' from,' but
here to be translated by ' of ' ; so in § 12 and § 6 we might translate lii>er scholit
* free ^T/lessons,' and niililid vacat ' he is free (T/service.'

Third Declension— ^-^/'///^/^«f.f^.

NouNS LiKE ' Pax,' ' Aestas,' etc.
A great many nouns of the ^rd Declension differ from those
aheady learned by addifig afi s to the Noinifiatii;* Singu/ar ; thus
from the stem 'pac-' we get the Nominative Singular 'pac-s'
(written with the letter x for cs) ; but the other cases are formed
from the stem ' pac-.' When the stem ends in a / (or d), this lettcr
disappears in the Nominative Singular when the s is added, but
not in the oilier cases. Thus we dcchne —

1, 2 p5x aesta s niile-s virtil-s

3 pac cni aestatem militem virtut-em

4 pac-is aestat-is milit-is virtut-is

etc. etc. etc. etc.

PREPARATIONS

Nouns of ihe ^rd Declension that forni the Nominative
Singular by adding s to the stem are mostly feminine, except
those which denote male persons, hke 'miles,' so/cfur, and a few
others.

§30.

X. Varied contests.

certamen

con/esi

tempus

time

(cerlamin-), 3 *

(tempor-), 3 *

[tempor-ary]

vlto

I avoid

agger, 3

tnound

fluwen

river

testudo (teslu-

tortoise-she//^

(flumin-), 3*

din-), 3

shelter f

egregie

excellenily

oppugno

/ attack

opus (oper-), 3 *

work [oper-ate]

vulnus

woutid

firmo

/ strengthen

(vulner-), 3 *

[vulner able]

[make firm]

pondus

weight

nomen

name

(ponder-), 3*

[ponder-able]

(nomin-), 3*

[nomin-ate]

arma

arms

constat

is known

(neut. phir.).

domesticus, a um

civil

supero

/ surpass

[domestic]

magnitudo

size, magnitude

prae-paro

I prepare

(magnitudin-).

arbor, 3, /f/«.

tree

robur

sfrength

vallum, 2

rampart

(robor-), 3 *

[cor-robor-ate]

pro-volo

I dashforth

corpus

body

cf volito, §7

(corpor-), 3*

[corpor-al]

niunitio, 3

l?n/wark

homo(homin-), 3

man

ahquanlum

a /ot, a consider

robusto cor-

of (ht. witJi)

ah/e amoimt.

porej

robust body

• The nouns in thk section in men, us, and ur are Neuters, and therefof"
have the Accusative ihe same as the Nwininalive. Note, too, ike Nominalive
and Accusative plurai in a.

tThe testuJo was an arrangement of the shields of the soldiers when thcy
atlackcii a fort ; it looked like a tortoisc-sheli.

J Note the Ablative without a Prepositson, here translatable by 'of ; the
AMative here dcnotes a qualily of the persons spoken of, and may be iherefore
callcd an Adjectival AWative.

Third Declension— rc«//««(r^.

NouNS LiKE 'Flumkn,' ' Opus,' Tempus.'
Ncutcrs ending in 7}ien have stems cnding in ;;////- from
whit h the other cases are formcd. Neutcrs ending in us have stems
in er- or or-. The last vowel of these stems is aiways short.

PREPARATIONS

Note that the Neuters have the Accusative the sanie as the
Nominative, both in the Singular and in the Plural Number
(as in 2nd Declcnsion), and that their Nominr.tive and Accusative
Plural end in a (also as in the 2nd Declension).

SING.

PLUR.

SING.

PLUR.

1, 2, 3 flumen

flumin-a

OpUB

oper a

4 fluruin is flumin-um

oper-ia

oper-um

5 fiumin-i

fltlmin-ibus

oper-I

oper-ibus

6 in flumin e

in flumin-ibus

in oper-e in

oper-ibus

§31-

pro-sum

I a77i helpful,

msectatio

pursuit

do good

(-ion-), 3

fugo

Iput toflight

revocare

to recall

fugatus, a, um

rouied

novus, a, uii

new

in-sto

I pursue (Ut.

arma (Neut.

here fitiings

(with Dat.)

step upon)

Pl., 2)

ignoro

I do not know

ornandus, a, um

to be equipped

[ignore]

(from orno

I eguip, adorn

praeterea

besides

magno opere

»= tnagnopere.

incommodum, 2

disaster

(Abl. of opus)

§ 29

nuntio

I announce

diurnus, a, um

of the day

tempestas( tat-), 3

tetnpest

nocturnus, a, um

of the night

litus (Utor-), 3

coast

sine (with Abl.)

without

affticto

wreck [afllict]

reparare

to refit, repair

§32.

XI. Roman ships.

genus (gener-;, 3

kind [gener-al]

octingentr, ae, a

eighi hundred

navis (Gen. Pl.

ship [nav-y]

hiems (hiem-), 3

winter

navium), 3

inter

here among

navis longa

ship of war

ducentl, ae, a

t2V0 hundred

classis (Gen. Pl.

fleet

opus (with

need iof)

classium), 3

Abl.)

onus (oner-), 3

l>urden[oner-ous]

quomodo

how

transportandus, a,

to be irans-

hostis (Gen.Pl.

enemy

ported

hostium), 3

[host-ile]

ad onera trans-

for burdens to

IX)rtanda

be transported

PREPARATIONS

Third DeeleTision— Co/i/tnued.

Most nouns of two syllables belonging to ihe ^rd Docl. and
ending in is have the same form for the Genitive as for the
Nominalive Singular, and form the Genitive Plural in u/m : thus
'navis,' s/iip, ' classis,' /V^/, 'hostis,' ene77iy. These nouns are
niostly feminine, except those denoting male persons, hke ' hostis.'

SIKGULAR.

PLURAL.

], 2
3
4
5
6

nSvis
nSvem

navia
nSvI
in nave

nSvgg
nSvgs
navium
nSvibus
in naviuus

Note that all these forms are of two' syllables except the
Genitive, the Dative, and the Ablative of the Pkiral. The Gen.
Plur. has one syllable more than the Nom. Sing., as in §§27-31.

NoTE. — Similarly are declincd some nouns whose Nominative
Singular ends in es, e.g., 'clades,' disaster.

§33-

ornare to equip

forma, i Jorm, shape

puppis, 3 • stern, poop

accommodatus, a, suited [accom-

um
carlna, i
planus, a, um
robur (robor-).
ferreus, a, um
funis, 3 *
pellis, 3 *
slve . . . slve

modated ]
keel

flat [plane]
hcre oak
viade 0/ iron
rope

skin, hide
ivhether . . . 0/
propter(withAcc.) on account of

* This word is tleclin
+ The Roman ' tormentuni

llnum, r:.

quia

phis . . quam

firmitOdo

■(-tudin-), 3
llneus, a, um
tam . . quam
rostrum, 2
turris, 3 *
lamina, i
quid opus
tormcntum, 2

flax

because

inore . . than

firmness

made of flax
so . . as
beak, ram
turret
plate
what need
a macliine for
huTling stones t

ed like ' navis,' § 32.
corresponds to our cannon

PREPARATIONS

§34- XII. Alliance of the British tribes.

societas alliance flnis, 3 * end

(societat-), 3 [society] fines, Plur., m. boundaries

summus, a, um chief separ5 I separate

imperium, 2 command oriens(orient-), 3 the East\

mando / entrust [orient-al]

rex (reg-), 3 ki^ig occidens the IVest

gens (gent-), 3 race [gentilc] (occident-), 3 [occident-alj

Gen. PJ. gentium superior previous, past

princeps (-cip- , 3 prince (superior-), 3

tamen nevertheless conlinuus, a, um continued, un-

pars (part), 3 part interrupted

consocio I ally inftnltus, a, um infinite

*Declined like ' navis,' § 32.

t'aboriente' is WtexMy from the East ; hence on the East side, on the
East. Similarly, 'ab occidente,' on the VVest.

Third Declension — Continued.

Words whose stem ends in two consonants form the Genitive
Plural in iutn (two syllables more than the Nom. Sing.): thus
'gens' (stem 'gent-') race, 'pars' ('part-'), /ar/.

Notice that if the stem ends in a /, it is dropped before the s
which is added to form the Nominative Singular, as in § 29 ;
thus ' gens ' stands for ' gent-s ' ; ' pars ' for ' part-s.'

The Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants are mostly
feminme, hke other Nouns that form the Nominative Singular by
adding s to the stem (§ 29).

SIXGULAR.

PLURAL.

1,2
3
4
5
6

gen-8
gent-em
gent-is
gent-I
cnm gent-e

gent-Ss
gent Sb
gent-ium
gent-ibuB
cum gent-ibus

But 'urbs' (stem 'urb-'), city, which will be found in the next
section, does not drop any letter before the s of the Nominative
Singular ; it is only a / or a ^ that is dropped before ihe s.

rKEPARATIONS

§35-

caput (capit), 3, n. chapter
duodecimus, a, uni tivelfth
tertius decimus thirieenth
interior (-ior-), 3 iiiierior
Belgiuni, 2 JSel^i^ium

ini m igro / ivtmigrate

aetas (-tat-), 3 age

trans (wiih Acc.'> across
Khenus, 2 the Rhine

migro I migrate

urbs (urb-), 3 city [urb-an]

derlvatus, a, um derivcd

* C. § 27, 1. 16 esse existiniabant.

§36.

longitudo

(-tudin-), 3
circiter

quingentl, ae, a
milia, 3 (Neut.

Plur. of ' miHe,'

a thousand)
septingentr, ae, a seven hundred
octingentl, ae, a ei^ht hundrcd
octogintfl eighty

de-monstro
orl-o (orlgin-), 3
Iriquetrus, a, um
esse declaro
latus (later), 3
Hispania, i
septentriones
erro

Hibernia, i
recte
iudico
Mona, I

Ipoint out
origin
triangular
Idec/are to be*
side [later-al]
Spain
the A^orth f
I err
Ireland
rightly
I judge
Anglesey

t lit. ihe seve>i oxen (Charles Wain).

XIII. The British seas.

length

[longitude]
about

five hundred
mi/es, lit. thou-
sands {pj paces)

mare (Abl. Sing. the sea

mari), 3, Ncut.
di-stare to be distant

igitur t/iere/ore, t/ien

maria seas

circum-do I surround

Hibernicus,a,um Iris/i
marium of t/ie seas

usitatus, a, uni used, usua/,
coinmon

Third Declension— r^/'^/'/////^'^.

Nouns ending in e like ' mare,' sea, of the ^rd Declension are
Neuter. They form the Ge.nitive Plural in ium, the Nominative
and Accusative Plucal in ia, and the Ablative Singular (like the
Dative Singular) in t. Thus

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

1, 2, 3 mare

4 maris

5 mari

6 in mari

maria
marium
maribus
in maribus

PREPARATIONS

§37-

XIV. Britain subdued.

pacatus, a, um

siibdued

ordo (-din-), 3 rank

concursio (-ion-), ,

3 engagement

[ordin ary]

[ex-cursion]

consulto on purpose

iter (itiner-), 3 *

march

[by consultation

fortiter

l)}-avely

essedarius, 2 charioleer

impugno

I attack

pes (ped ), 3, m. foot

cohors (cohort-),

cohort

pedibus onfoot

ita thus

sui

iheir oivn me?i

mobilitas (-tat-), 3 mobiliiy

perturbo

I perturb^

stabiUtas (-tat-), 3 stability

ihrow inio

pedes (pedit-), footsoldier

confusion

mos (mor-), 3

custom

praesto (cf. ^25 I exhibit

iustus, a, um

Just, proper

huiusmodi of this kind

omnes

all

intervallum, 2 interval

*This is a very

peculiar word ; tV

e Nominalive Singular is noi formeil

directly from the stem.

t Declined like ' pars' (stem ' part- '), § 34.

:[: Declined like 'mllea' (stem 'milit-'), 'eques' (stem ' equit-'), §29.

§38.

collis, 3*

hill

servo

here 1 7vaich

legatus, 2

Ueutenant-

paunum

a little

general [legate]

decUno

I turn aside

subito

suddenly

[decline]

superior (cf. ^

34) superior, victor-

de via

fiom ihe road

ious

vasto

I lay ivaste

quattuor

four

[de-vast-ate

•Declined like ' na

vis,' ' hostis,' § 3

§39-

rfpa, I

bank

palOs (palfid

), 3

marsh

sudis, 3 *

stake

oviSj 3 *

sheep

acutus, a, um

sharp [acute]

bos (bov-), 3

profundus, a,

um rti^tY/ [profound]

duabus

Abl. o{ duae

caput (capit-),

3,n. head; cf. § 35

expugno

I takc hy stoi 11

longe

far

* Declined like

fugo

' n.-ivis,' § 32.

I put loflight

tThisis an

rrcgular word : bos, bo

v-em, -is, i, e ;

Gcn

. Plu)-. l>o-uin.

PREPARATIONS

§40.

prae-suni (with

/ am in com-

dcfectio (-ion-), 3

defection

Diit.)

mand 0/

condicio(-ion-),3

condition

pugnandl

offishting; cf.

dellbero

I delibcrate

. § 28, 1. 3

veto

Iforbid

frustra

in vain

vexo

I annoy, vex

victores

— zvere victors

tributum, 2

tribute

clvitas (-tat-), 3

state [city]

impero

I iinpose

oro

/ ask, entreat

(Dat.)

{itpon)

confirmo

I establisli

obses (obsid-), 3

hostage

[connrm]

pro (with Abl.)

for, on bthalfof

tot (indeclinable

so many

(cf. §§28, 33)

adj.)

ara, i

altar

clades, 3 *

disastcr

foCUS, 2

hearth

maxinie

chiefly

tropaeuni, 2

trophy •

* This and some olher nouns of the 3td Dcclensi',)n difier from ' navis ' only
in ihe Nominative Singiilar ; see § 32 (Note). In ihese woids thc NominaLivt;
and Accusalive Plural is the samo as the Nominative Singular.

§41-

XV. Hea

rts of oak.

aes (aer-), 3, n.

brass

digitus, 2

finger [digit]

triplex (triplic-),

triple

monstrans

■ pointing

3. adj.

(monstrant-).

3, adj.

fortis, 3, adj.

brave, strong

statio (-ion-), 3

here road-

admlrabiiis,3,adj.

admirable

steadjd.^^g

insigne, Neuter of

tutus, a, um

safe

insignis, 3, adj.

distinguished

illae

yon, those

facinus (facinor-),

deed, achieve-

optime

exce/ientiy,

ment

here = hurrah

quod

that

adiiuc

hitherto{\\\\c =

orbis, 3, m.

circle [orb]

hither, ad = to)

orbis terrarum

= the world

grandis, 3, adj.

big [grandj

tam

so (cf §33)

per-grandis, 3,

very bii{

mirus, a, um

wonderful

adj.

sentcntia, i

opinion

omnis, 3, adj.

every

comprobo

I approve of

omnCs, PUir.

all

nonus, a, um

ninth

arici (ariel-),3,m

. ram

NOTE. — The heading (Robur et aes Iriplejc) is a quotation from Ilorace
(Odes I. 3, 9) and is here applied bolh to the courage of the ancient liritona
aml to the modein ships of war described in this seciion.

PKLrARATlONS

§42.

veteianus, a, um

veteran, old

prOpositum, 2

proposal

milito

I ser-oe

per-gratus, a, um

very pleasing

custos(custod-), 3

guard

ad navigandum

for sai/ing

Grandis, 3, adj.

ihe Majestic

denego

Isay no [deny]

Regalis, 3, adj.

ihe Royal Sov-

omnia, Neut. Pl.

all things,

ereign

of omnis

everything

Magnifica, i, adj.

the Aiagnificen t

dulce, Neut. Sing

. sweet, p/easant

Tonans (Tonant-)

ihe Thunderer

ofdulcis, 3, ad_

■

3> adj.

lenis, 3, adj.

gent/e [lenient]

Arrogans (Arro-

the Arrogant

brevl, Abl. Sing.

drie/, short

gant-), 3, adj.

of brevis, 3.

Ferox (Feroc-), 3,

the Furious

adj.

lit. warlike

classiaril, 2

seajnen, mcn oj

tegimen (-min-), 3

covering

thefleet

in GrandT

in the Majestic

ingens (ingent-),

huge

(Abl. of Grandis)

3. adj.

praefectus classis

adfniral

machina

niachine

cur

why

Adjectives of the Third Declension.

Adjectives of the ^rd Declension in is are decUned : —

(i) in the Masculine and Feminine hkc ' navis ' (§32),

except that the Ahlative Sing-ular ends in i (not -e) :
(2) in the Neuler Hke ' mare ' (§ 36).

SINGULAK.

PLURAL.

1, 2
3
4
5
6

masc. and/cm. neul.

fortis forte
fortem forte
fortis fortis
forti forti
forti forti

niasc. and/ein. neut.

fortes fortia
fortes fortia
fortium fortium
fortibus fortibus j
fortibus fortibus

PkEPARATIONS

Some adjectives of the ^rd Declension which do not end in
i's have no separute form for the Nominative Singular of the
Neuter ; in the Masculine and Feminine tlicy are dechned like
'gens' (§34): thus—

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

niasc andjem, neut.

masc and /em.

neut.

1, 2

ingens

ingena

ingentea

ingentia

ingentem

ingens

ingentgs

ingentia

ingentis

ingentium

ingenti

ingentibus

ingentibu3

ingenti

ingcatibua

ingentibus

§43-

adversus, a, um

adverse

somnio

/ dixain

taberna, i

ifiH [tavern]

membrls robustls

Abl. *

tenebrae, i, Plur.

darkness

tcrra marlque

liy land and by

hix (luc-), 3

light

sea

anxius, a, um

aiixious

pugnans (pugn-

fishting

multa, Neut. Pl.

many thiiigs

ant-), 3, adj.f

of niuUus

salvus, a, um

saje

ambulati6(-ion ),3

walk

fac (Imperative

inake

utihs, 3, adj.

useful

of 'fLicio,'

vehiculum, 2

carriage

/ make,

[vehicle]

mater (matr-),

ntothcr

nox (

noct-), 3

night

* The Abl. is here translatable by ' with' ; cf. rdhiistd corpore, § 30.

t The Adjecdves in -avs (steni -ant) arc dcclincil like iugens (stem in^ent-),
the only difference bcin;^ in the iast vowel of the ster.)

DRILL EXERCISKS.

[Tbe sections of ihcse drill exercises are numliered to cor'?<pond wiih thc
sections of ihe tcxt on which theygive practice. AU the Wtrds o.curringin them
wil! lie found in the corresponding sections of the " Prcp.trations " (pp. 59 ff.)
The Latin scntfnces may he used for viva voce praclice, and may be varicd at
the discretion of ihe teacher by sub.stituting othcr words that havc bcen uscd in
the text of the story. They will also serve as models for translating the English
sentences that foUow them into Latin. The nur/ibers in brackets in tht
Exercises refer to seclions o/lhe " Preparations" not to sections ofthe Exercises
thewselves ; and they servethe purpose of an English-Latin Vocabulary. Thus
in Ex. 4 (/. loj) the reference to %3 after the worJ ^for' nieans that the
Latin word 'juanted ■will be found in %2 ofthe Preparations {p. 6i),1

§r, {Nominaiive and Ablative Singular.)

Villa est bella.

Castanea est bella.

Ancilla in villa habitat.

Ora maritima non procul a^ villa est.

Non procul ab ora maritima habito.

Sub castanea interdum canto.

How prctty is the chestnut-tree !
Not far froni the chestnut-tree a nightingale sings.
Not far from ihe country-house is the sea-shore.-
Not far from the sea-shore is the chestnut-tree.
In the country house I now Uve.

^ d is used for ab bcfore a consonant.

''Order of Words, Rule I. — Put the Adjective immediately AFTEH
ita Noun. The English ordcr is just the opposite ; ihus \\!,ure Eni^lish say?
' a pretty house,' Lalin says 'a house prelty'; where En.^; S s.-»ys ' Ihe sea
shore ' or ' the maritime shore' Latin says ' the shore m. liii nc.' This rule
applies also to Possessive Adjectives, like ' my,' 'yiur,' ' his,' 'our,'
'their': thus where English says ' my aunt' Lntin s.ys ' aunt mine.' But
the rule does not apply lo Adjectives used with llte verh 'to ! •,' a<; in ' the
country-hoiise is prelty ' or ' how pretty ihe country-house is !'

I02 DRILL EXERCISES

§1 C07itinued. {Ge?iitive Singnlar.)

Amita mea sub umbra castaneae interdum cantat.

Cum amita mea sub umbra castaneae interdum canto.

Ancilla amitae mcae in villa habitat.

Ancilla in villa amitae meae habitat

lanua iion procul ab ora maritima est.

My aunt's country house is pretty.

The door of the country-Iiouse is not far from the sea-
shore. ^

Where is the nightingale?

The nightingale sometimcs sings under the shade of tlie
chestnut-tree.

The nightingale does not Hve (say not lives) in the chestnul
tree.

After §T. Conversation.

Q. Ubi est villa ?

A. Villa non procul ab ora maritima esL

Q. Ubi est castanea ?

A. Casianea in area est.

^Order of Words, Rui.e 2. — Put tlie Adverb BEFORE the Verb Of
other word v^hich it qualifies. The English order is often difiTerent ; thus
where English says ' sings well ' Latin says ' well sings.' English may say
' sings sometimes' or 'sometimes sings,' but Latin always says ' sometimes
oings.' This rule applies to the Adverb non, which must always come
immediately before the word which it negatives ; and it also applies to
Adverbial phrases formed wlth Prepositions, such as ' far from the sea-shorc ',
' under the shade of the chestnut-tree ' ; thus for ' ihe nightingalc sings under
ihe shade of the chestnut-tree' say ' the nightingale under iho shade of thc
chestnut-tree sings ',

DRILL EXERCISES IO3

Q. Ubi ancilla cenani parat ?

A. Ancilla sub umbra castaneae cenam interdum paraL

Q. Ancilla in villa habitat?^

A. Ancilla in villa habitat.

§ 2. [^Nominalive Plural.)

Scaphae non procul a villa sunt.

Feriae sunt beatae.

Beatac sunt feriae.

Magnae sunt procellae in ora maritima,

Nautae procul ab ora maritima sunt

Nautae in scapha sunt.

Scapha non magna est.

Where are the boats ?

The boats are on the sand.

Sailors Uve not far from the sand of the sea-shore.

I sometimes sail in a boat with a sailor.

Chains are in the boat.

Anchors and chains are on the sea-shore.

§2 contimied. {Geniiive P/nral.)
Scaphae nautarum intcrdum magnae sunt.
Ancorae scapharum magnarum magnae sunt.
Ancorae scapharum non magnarum non magnae sunt.

' Questions inay be asked in conversaiional Latin, as in English, simply by
chanf^inL; ihe tone of the voice, and withoul any intermgative ixiriicle ; e.g.
• vis pugnare?' yau waiit to figlit? (Plautus, Rudens lOll). This is very
common in Plautus and Terence. But it is casy to introduce ihe particle
'-ne' to the pupil from the first, if the teacher prefers ; e.g. Habitatne
ancilla in villa?

104 l^RILL EXERCISES

The boats of the sailors are not far from the door of thc counlry
house.

The anchors of the boats are on the sand.

The anchors and ihe chains of the anchors are on the sand.

The inhabitants of country-houses are not sailors.

The courage of the inhabitants of the sea-shore is great.

§ 3. {Ablative Plural)

Scaphae in undis sunt.

Undae sub scaphis sunt

In scaphis sunt nautae.

Procella est: undae non caeruleae sunt.

Nautae in undis non caeruleis navigant.

Nautae in casis albis habitant.

Sailors often sail in boats,
I often sail with the sailors.

Not far from the windows of the cottages are the waves of the
sea-sliore.

My aunt is often^ in ihe cottages of the farmers.
There-is^ a wood not far from the cottages of the farmers.

§ 3 continued. (^Accusative Singular and Plural afler a Pre-
position )

Ante villam est arena.

Ante casas nautarum est ora mariiima.

Ora mariiima ])rope villam amitae nieae est.

Prope casas agricolarum est silva.

Post cenam in scapha non uavigo.

Post ferias procul ab ora maritima habito.

^ Scc Rule 2 (Order of Words).

''There-is' and 'ihere-are' muit l)e translated simply by ihe verb: say
not far f>om the cottagei is a wood.

DRILL KXERCISKS I05

Bcfore the door of the country-house is ihe sand of ihe sca-shore.

Ncar the wood are the cottages of ihe farmers.

During the hohdays I sometimes sail in boats.

After ihe hoUdays I do not stay^ in the counlry-house of my aunt.

Before the hoHdays T do not sail in boats.

§ 3 con/ifiued. {Accusative Si/^qu/ar and Pliiral depending on a
Verb.)
Villam ex ora niaritima specto.
Fenestras villae ex ora maritima specto.
In arena scapham et ancoras et catenas specto.
In silva plantas et lierbas specto.
Plantas et herbas amo : bacas amo.
Nautae casas albas amant.
Casae albae nautas delectant.

I love the sand.^

I love the sand of the sea-shore.

I love boats and anchors and chains

Waves dehght sailors.

Plants dehght my aunt.

My aunt loves sailors and farmers.

From the windows of thc cottages the sailors see llie wuvcs.

Boats dehght sailors : sailors love boats.

Before the hohdays I do not see boats and the sea-shore.

^ • I (/<? not stay^ is an English way of saying ' I stay not' ; in Latin there
will be only one word for ' I do stay,' and the word for ' not ' must come before
it. (For ' slay ' say live.) Similarly in ihe next sentcnce ' I do not sail.'

-Order op Words, Rulr 3. — Put the Accnsative before tho Verb on
wbich it de^penfls

105 DRILL EXERCISES

Comphte thc following sentences by inseriing a l^^erb,

Oram maritimam .

Ora maritima nos .

Scaphas albas .

Scaphae interdum caeruleae .

Ora maritima bella.

Compkte the fflilowing sentences by inserting a Freposilion in the
first place and a Verb in the second.

arena scaphae.

oram maritimam nautas

Agricolae silvam .

nautis interdum ■ .

agricolis interdum

After^T^. Conversation. {f)\!C\A. = what^

Q. Quid ex fenestra spectas ?

A. Ex fenestra undas et oram maritimam specto.

Q. Oram maritimam amas ?

A. Oram mariiimam amo. Undae me delcctant,

Q. Silvam non amas ?

A. Silvam amo. Silva me delectat.

Q. In silva interdum ambulas ?

A. In silva saepe ambulo.

Q. Ubi est silva?

A. Silva non procul a villa est.

Q. Quid est in silva ?

A. In silva est copia plantarum et herbarum

Q. Bacas non amas ?

A. Quantopere me bacae delectant 1

DRILL EXERCISES IO7

§ 4. ( Vocative Singiilar ani Pliiral.)

Inter ferias te, ora maritima, et vos, undae caeruleae, saepe
spccto.

Vos, undae caeruleae, Britannia amat.

Te, regina mea, amo ; te, patria mea, amo.

Vos, incolae Africae Meridianae, regina insularum Eriiannic-
arum amat.

I love thee, [0] Queen Victoria,

Victoria is queen not only of ihe British islands, but also of
Canada, of Australia, of Soulh Africa,

I love thee, [0] South Africa; for (§2) South Africa is my
native-land.

I love yoii, [0] inhabitants of Britain ; for Souih Africa is a
British colony.

Great is the glory of the British colonies.

§5. {Daiive Sifigular.)

Silva Lydiae laetitiam dat.

Columbae Lydiae laetitiam dant.

Lingua Francogallica Lydiae laetitiam non dat.

Tu, Lydia, inter ferias magistrae tuae operam non dis.

Ego inter ferias linguae Latinae operam non do.

India gives delight to the Quecn ^ of the British isles.

But India is not a British colony.

The British colonies also give delight to the British Qucen.

Canada gives dehght to Britain.

For Canada is a great British colony.

'Order ok Words, Rule 4. — Pnt the Dative before the Accusative.
(Nole ihat ihe gift stands in the Accusative, and the person to whom the gift i»
itiade in the Datlve. )

loS

DRILL EXERCISES

§ 5 continued. {Dative Flia-al.)

Undae caeruleae nautis laetitiam dant.

Procellae nautis laetitiani non dant.

Plantae et herbae agricolis laetitiam dant.

Agricolae scaphis operam non dant.

Inter ferias Hnguis antiquis operam non saepe do.

The Queen of Britain gives attention to the British colonies.
The British colonies give delight to the inhabitants of the
British isles.
Sailors give attention to boats and anchors and chains.
My aunt gives atteniion to the cottages of the farmers and sailors.
Lydia gives attention to doves.

A/fer § 5. {Practice in translation of English Frepositions.)
Make Latin sentences containing iranslations of the following

phrases, and then say which of these English Preposiiions are not

translated by Prepositions in Latin.

in a country-house.

out-of a country-house.

not far from a country-house.

to a country-house

{ivith a Verb of ^ going.')
of a country-house.
wilh my aunt.

to my aunt

{with a Verb of ' giving.')

under a boat.

before supper.

aftcr supper.

in country-houses.
out-of country-houses.
not far from counlry-houses
to country-houses

i(ivith a Verb of ^ going.')
of country-houses.
with my aunts.
to my aunts

[with a Verb of^ givin^.')
under boats.
during the hohdays.

DRILL EXERCISES

io9

After § 5. Translate and learn the foUowing iables containirig
fornis of Pronouns hitherto found.

SISG UL A R. PL URA L.

IST rEKSON. NOMINAIIVE CaSK.

ego

nos

ACCUSATIVE CaSK.

nos

2ND PeRSON. ]

S^OMINATIVE CaSE.

VOS

ACCUSATIVE CaSE.

VOS

NOMINATIVE

Case with Veres.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.

iST Person.

ego in villa habito.

nos in

villa habitamus

2ND PeRSON.

tu in villa habitas.

vos in

villa habitatis.

3RD Person.

amita niea in villa

amitae

meae in villa

habitat.

habitant.

Accusative Case with Vekus.

iST Person.

2ND PeRSON.

3RD Person.

SINGULAR.

amita mea me amat.
amita mea te amat.
amita mea villam amat.

PLURAL.

amita mea nos amat.
amita mea vos amat.
amita mea casas amat.

After § 5. Conversation.

(^Recapitulation of ist Declension and Prescnt Tcttse of ' sum '
and ist Coftjugation.) Q}x\% = tvho.

Q. Quis in villa nunc habitat ?

A. Lydia, consobrina mea, in villa tmnc habitat.

Q. Tu quoque apud amitam tuam nunc liabitas?

A. Ego quoque apud amitam meam nunc habito.

Q. Quid curat Lydia ?

A. Lydia columbas curat.

Q. Linguae FrancogaUicae operam dai ?

A. Linguae FrancogaHicae operam non dat : nam feriae nunc
sunt.

Q. Tu hnguae Latinae inter ferias operam das ?

A. Linguae Latinae intcr ferias operam noii do.

IIO DRILL EXERCISES

Q. Ubi es inter ferias ?

A. Apud amitam meam inter ferias sum.

Q. Quid te inter ferias delectat ?

A. Arena, ora maritima, scaphae me inter ferias delectant

Q. In scaphis interdum navigas ?

^. In scaphis saepe navigo.

Q. Procellas non formidas ?

A. Cum nauta navigo.

Q. Tu et I^ydia in silva interdum ambulalis?

A. In silva interdum ambulamus.

After § 5. [Present Indicative of ' suin.') ^

I am an inhabitant of Britain.

Thou, [oj Canada, art a Brilish colony.

Canada is an ancient {aniiqud) colony of Biitain.

We are inhabitants of the British isles.

You, [0] British colonies, are far from the Briti.-^h isles.

There-are British colonies in Australia.

After §5. {Present Indicative of the ist Conjugation.)

I now live in my aunt's country house not far from ihe sea
shore.

You, Lydia, now live with my aunt.

Your schoohnistress lives far from the sea-shore.

During the hoUdays we often sail in boats : aiid wc do not give
attention to the languages of Rome and Greece.

You, [0] blue waves, now dehght us.

Dnring the holidays the languages of Rome and Grcece do not
delight us.

iAgreement of the Verb witii__the Subject.— The Verb must be
cf the same Person and Number as ita £u'oject (th.it is, llie person or
thing that ' does ' or ' is ').

DRILL EXERCISES I I I

§6. {2ni Dedension in -us, Singular Number.\

Hortus belliis est.

Tu, horte, non niagnus es.

riortum bellum inter ferias saepe visito.

Violae horti belli caeruleae sunt.

Putruus meus horto bello aquam dat.

In horto bello sunt rosae.

My^ uncle lives in a country-house near thc sea-shore. 1 love
my uncle. I often visit my uncle's garden. I sometimes water
the roses and violets of the garden. I often walk in the garden
with Lydia. Sometimes I walk round the wall of the garden with
my uncle. There is a stream not far from the garden. In the
stream is an abundance of water. The garden gives delight to
niy uncle.

§ 7. {Second Decknsion in -us, Plural Num/>er.)

Mergi in ora maritima nidificant.

Vos, mergi, in ora maritima nidificatis.

Mergos in ora maritima non capto.

Cibus mergorum in oceano est.

Mergis inter ferias operam do.

Corvi cum mergis non nidificant, non vohtant.

There-is a great number of ehns in my uncle's garden
Many^ crows live in the elms. Sea-guUs do not make-nests in

^ Note that the adjectives in these early exerciscs (§§ iu) have ahvays the
same endings as their Nouns.

*The Latin Adjectives meaning 'many', 'some', 'all', ' fcw ', gencrally
jtand be/ore iheir Nouns (not afler them, like must Adjectives ; see Kule I of
Order, p. loi).

I 12 DRILL EXERCISES

elms. I like to watch (say g/adiy watcJi) thc sea-gulls, when
I am on thc sea-shore. During the holidays I sometimes give
food to the horses of my uncle's farm. Lydia gives food to the
cocks and hens. My uiicle gives attention to his farm and his
horses and cows and pigs. The crows give dehght to niy
uncle.

After § 7. Conversation.

Q. Agellus patrui tui tibi et Lydiae laetitiam dat ?

A. Agellus patrui mei nos delectat.

Q. Quid in agello est ?

A. In agello sunt equi et vaccae et porci et galli gallinae-
que.

Q. Quis equos et vaccas et porcos curat ?

A. Ego equis interdum cibum do ; sed rustici vaccas et porcos
curant.

Q. Quis gallis gallinisque cibum dat ?

A. Lydia gallis gallinisque cibum saepe dat.

Q. Ubi habitant rustici ?

A. Rustici in vico habitant, non procul ab agello

§ 8. {2nd Deciension continueJ.)

The blue waves foam and murmur round my uncle's gardcn.
I like to watch (say giadiy tvatcii) the blue waves of the
ocean. I like to walk to the high clifis of the sea-shore.
The lighthouses of the French coast (say s/iore) are not far
distant. The moon and stars often light-up the ocean. It
deli,L;hts me to see the white cliffs and the waves. Boats
cnrry sailors on the ocean ; sailors carry boats on the sand.

DRTLL EXERCISES I 13

Afler §8. Conversation.

Q. Quid tu et Lydia in horto patrui tui spectatis?
A. Non solum rosas et violas sed etiam corvos speclamus.
Q. Quid ex horto spectaiis?
A. Mergos interdum ex horto spcctamus.
Q. Ubi sunt nidi mcrgorum ?

A. Nidi mergorum in scopulis orae maritimae sunt ; sed non
nuUi ex mergis in insuHs prope oram matitimam nidificant.
Q. Ubi praedam suam captant?
A. Praedam suam in oceano captant.
Q. Mergi interdum super agellum volitant?
A. Super agellum volitant; nam ibi quoque cibum suum cnptant.
Q. Quid ex scopulis orae maritimae spcctatis ?
A. Ex scopulis pharos orae Francogallicae spectamus.

§9. {2nd Decknsion in -iim.)

Oppidum antiquum in Cantio esL

Te, oppidum antiquum, amo.

Oppiduni antiquum inter ferias intcrdum visito.

Fundamenla oppidi antiqui magna scd non alta sunt.

Oppido antiquo inter ferias operam do.

In oppido antiquo niimmi Romani suiit.

Oppida anti^iua me delectant.

Vos, oppida antiqua, amo.

Oppida antiqua libenter visito.

Aedificia oppidorum antiquorum interduni Roniana snnt.

Oppidis antiquis libenter oi^eram do.

In opijidis anliciuis nummi Britannici intcrdum sunt.

Where is Kent? Kent is in South Britain. The coast (say
ihore) of Kent is not far from the French coast. My uncle's farm
is in Kent. Dover and Richborough are not far from my unclc's

114 DRILL EXERCISES

farm. There-are traces of a Roman amphitheatre near Rich-
borough. London also is an ancient town. London is not far
distant from Kent. There-are many ancient towns on British
soil. In Britain \ve often see the foundations of Ronian buildings.

After §9. Conversation,
Q. Ubi habitant patruus tuus et amita tua?
A. In Cantio habitant, inter Dubras et Rutupias.
Q. Quid in Cantio spectas ?

A. [Here niay be introduced all the Noinis hitherto learned,
Singular or Plural Number.)

§10. {2nd Declension in -um continued.) •

I often see the ancient castle, when I visit Dover. The castle
is on the cliffs, near the sea-shore. The walls of the castle are not
ancient ; but there are relics of ancient buildings in the castle.
At-the-present-day there-is a church near the relics of the ancient
buildings. The church also is ancient ; for it was a consecrated
building in the second century after the birih of Christ (say a/ter
Christ born.)

§ 1 1. {2nd Declension in -um continued.)

From the windows of the castle we see many vessels. There-
are many vessels in the Enghsh Channel. Many vessels sail
round Britain. I see the flags of British and French vessels.
But where are the German and Belgian vessels? I do not now
oee German and Belgian vessels in the En;^lish Channel. But
many German and Belgian vessels sail to Britain.^

* Imitate itt .Africam Meridianam, So, too, in future exercises when going
or sailing to a Coiintry is spoken ofi

DRILL EXERCISES 115

A/ier % II. Conversation.

Q. Dubras et Rutupias interdum visitas P

A. Dubras saepe visito.

Q. Quid ibi spectas?

A. Castellum antiquum ibi specto.

Q. Quid in castello spectas ?

A. In castello speculam antiquam specto.

Q. Quid ex castello spectas ?

A. Ex castello fretum Gallicum et clivos gramlnec-^ spccto.

Q. Quid in freto Gallico spectas?

A. In freto Gallico navigia specto.

Q. Navigia libenter spectas ?

A. NonnuUa ex navigiis in patriam mcam navigan^.

§ 12. {2nd Dechnsion in -er.)

Puer Marcus condiscipulus meus est.

Tu, puer Marce, mihi praecipuus amicus es.

Puerum Marcum saepe visito.

Pueri Marci patria est Caledonia.

Puero Marco feriae magnam laetitiam dant.

Cum puero Marco saepe nato.

Duo pueri prope Dubras habitant.

Vos, pueri, condiscipuli mei estis.

Pueros, condiscipulos nieos, pilae delectant.

Patria puerorum procul a Cantio est.

Pueris ludi in arena laetitiam dant.

Cum pueris intenlum in scapha navigo.

Two boys are my friends. They live in Kent, but Scotl.Tnd is
the native-land of the boys. The boys are my schoolfellows. I
often visit the boys during the hohdays. Sometimes I swim with
the boys in the blue waves. How much it delights us boys to see
the great waves !

Il6 DKILL EXERCISES

§ 13. [jnd Declension i;i -er continued.)

Diiring tlie holidays a boy does not pay attention to lessons.
The ancient languages of Greece and Ronie do not dclight a boy
during the holidays. There-are many aniusements of a boy when
he is free ^ from lessons. Games of ball give great delight to a
boy, not only during the hoHdays but also when he is not ^ free
from lessons.

Peter is a sailor. I Hke Peter. Peter's boat is a source (§9)^
not only of amusement but also of gain to Peter.

A/ter %^^: Cotiversation. {QviOt = ho7V fnany.)

Q. Quot tibi amici sunt?

A. Duo milii sunt amici.

Q. Ubi habitant amici tui ?

A. Prope Dubras nunc habitant amici mei.

Q. Pueros interdum visitas ?

A. Pueros saepe visito.

Q. Quid vos pueros inter ferias delectat ?

A. Ludi pilarum, castella in arena aedificarc, in undis natarc,
in scaphis navigare nos delectant.

Q. Undas spumiferas non formidatis?

A. Undas non formidamus.

Q. Vos pueri interdum remigatis?

A. Interdum remigamus, cum undae non nimis asperae sunt.

Q. Quis rcmigat cum undae asperae sunt?

A. Cuni undae nimis asperae sunt, Petrus remigat vel velis
rninistrat.

^The Adjective used with the Verb ' to be ' must be in the same Case and
Number as the Subjccl of which it is s.iid ; thus here 'free' niust be Nominalive
Singular, because ' hc ' is Nominative Singular.

''See Order of Words, Rule 2. llere 'not' negatives 'free' and must
therefore stand immcdiately before it.

* Where a number is quolcd like this in brackets, it mcans that the word
required can be found in a certain secMon of the Preparations.

DRILL EXERCISES II7

^ 14. {2nd Decktision continued: 'vir'.)

'riiere is a nobleman^ nientioned in a play^. The nobleman's
life is unhappy. The man has^ two sons. The son Edgar*
is faithful. But the son Edniund* does not love the nobleman.
The nobleman prepares to hurl himself down-from a cliff.
The chff is near Dover. But the failhful son walks to the cliff
with the nobleman, and saves the life of the unhappy man.

After § 14.

1. Write t7vo sentences about the things seen ifi Kent during the
holidaxs. Jn the first sentence say 'During the holidays I see

. . . .' ; in the second sentence say ' How much it delights me to
see . . . . ' {and here put in the things that you like best to see).

2. Repeat ihe table 0/ Pronouns giveti after § 5, and add the
Dative Cases, Singular and Plural (mihi, tibi, nobis, vobis).
JiJake up sentences conlaining ihese Datives.

% 15. {2nd Declension in er continued.)

Magister noster vir doctus est.

Tu, magister, mihi carus es,

Magistrum nostrum amo.

Libri magistri nostri pulchri sunt.

Libri magistro nostro magnam laetitiam dant.

Cum magistro nostro saep? ambulamus.

Magistri nostri viri docti sunl.

Vos, magistri, pueris pigris non cari estis.

Ma_j;istros multi pueri formidant.

* Note thal the Adjective in this ca«e has not the same cnding a= the Noun;
so, t,io, often in the foilowing exeicises.

' Say itt a play iiuniiorted; see Order of \Vord>, Ruic 2.

' Say to the mun there-are ; see Pre/>aiatii>iis, § 9, end (palruo meo est).

* Tliese English names may be latinized as Edgarut, Edinundus.

Il8 DRILL EXERCISES

Libri magistrorum nostrorum docti sunt.

Magistris nostris copia librorum est.

Cum magistris nostris ludis saepe operam damus.

I often see our schoolmaster during the holidays. Our school-
masler has^ many books about (§ lo) Britain. We boys like to
see^ the books of our schoohnaster. The schoolmaster's books
are filled^ with Roman and Greek coins. I am a schoolfelluw of
Mark and Alexander in a famous and ancient schook Not only
the boys but also the masters of our school pay atteniion to games.

§ i6. {Agreement of Adjectives.)

villa Romana oppidum Romanura

fagus Britamiica

nummus Romanus
vir doctus
hber Latinus
nauta Romanus

RuLE. — Make the Adjective agree with its Noun in Gender^
as well as in Number and Case.

This rule appHes not only to examples hke those above, in
which the Adjective is called an Attribute of the Noun, but also
to examples Hke the foUowing, in which the Adjective is uscd with
the Verb * to be ' and is called a Predicate Adjective :
nummus est Romanus. villa est Romana.
vir est doctus. fagus est Britannica.

oppidum est
Romanum.

* Say to our schoohnaster there-are ; see Preparations §9, end. Similarly
in all future scntences where ihe verb ' to have ' occurs in this book.

^ llere and in all future sentences whcre ' like to ' occurs say 'gladly

' Use creber, and rcmember the riile for the Case and Number of Adjectives
used wilh the vcrb ' to be ' given on g 13 (' he is free').

* For Rules of Gender see Prcparations § 15 (p. 75). — Note that the ending
of ihe Adjective is not always the same as that of the Noun (sis it was in the
cxercises on §§ i-il).

DRILL EXERCISES 119

A learned teacher is sometimes not dcar to hoys. Our teacher
is learned. Boys are not learncd. My aunt is not learncd. 15ut
we boys love our teacher. And my aunt likes to hsten when a
learned man tells about the ancient P>ritons. There-were^ great
forests in ancient Britain. But thcre-were not many beeches in
the British forests. So Gaius JuUus afifirms. There were niany
wolves and bears in the great forests of ancient Britain.

§ 17. {Agfyement.o/ AJjectives co?itinued.)

Were the Roman sailors lazy? Gaius Juhus does not blame
(§ 14) tlie Roman sailors. He praises'^ the courage of his sailors.
Roman farmers were active, as a Roman poet affirms. There were
niany Roman sailors (say tfiany sailors Roman') on the vessels of
Gaius^ Julius. Roman vessels were-able to sail to Britain and
round the British coast. The rains of Britain were hideous then/
as they are now.* The small pearls of the British ocean were
mostly (§ 13) dark or blue.

§ 18. {Past Jm-perfect Indicative 0/^ sum' and the ist Conjuga-
tion.)

Proximo anno in Cantio eram.
Proximo anno in Cantio eras.
Proxiino anno in Cantio erat.
Proximo anno in Cantio eramus.
Proximo anno in Cantio eratis.
Proximo anno in Cantio erant.

* The only forms of ihe ['ai^t Iiii|jerrect needcil fur this and the foUowing
exercise ar« those which luwe actually occurred in ihe lext of the slory.

" Use the verb laudu, ' I piaise ' {Preparatiotis § 13).
" (jaius forms Gen. Gai, Dat. Gai5.

* Remember that ' then ' and ' now ' are Adverbs.

120 DklLL EXERCISES

Multa aedificia antiqua spectabam.
Multa aedilicia antiqua speciabas.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectabat.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectabamus.
Multa aedificia antiqua spectabatis.
Multa aedificia aniiqua spectabant.

Tlie large vessels of British sailors are mostly (§ 13) black ; but
the little boats are sometimes white, sometimes blue, sometimes
yellow. Last year, while (§ 16) I was in Kent, I used-to-see many
British sailors. They were all sun-burnt. Some^ of the sailors
used-to-taitoo (say colour) their Umbs. The clothes of British
and French sailors are blue. British sailors mosily have sturdy
hmbs and a great stature. Our sailors sail round the coasts of all
lands, as the Roman sailors used-to-sail round the coasts of the
Mediterranean.^ A British sailor does not fear storms.

§ 19. {^Adjedives and Past Imperfect Indicative continued^
Werc all the inhabitants of ancient Britain Celts? I think not.^
Some of the ancient inhabitants of our island were not barbarous.
The inhabitants of Kent were mo>.tly farmers, as they are now.*
Many of the inhabitants of Kent were Belgians (§ 15). Were not
the Bclgians a German tribe (§ 18) ? Does not Gaius Juhus so
affirm in his book about the Gallic war ? The German tribes were
moderately civiUzed, but the ancient Cclts of Britain were not
civilized.

'The word for 'some' tnust stand in the Noininalive Case and be Masculine
Plural, because ' some of the sailors ' means ' some iailors of l)ie sailors' ; see
the example in § 1 1 of the siory.

* Say ' ihe .Mediterraneaa ocean.' ' .Mediierranean ' is an A Ijective, mean-
ing ' Mid-land,' and is in Latin Mtditifraneus (a,ui/i).

* A very conimon way of saying ' I ihink not,' ' I hope not," and so forlh in
Latin is ' I do not think,' ' I do not hope,' etc

* Remember that ' now ' is an Adverb.

DRILL EXERCISES 121

§ 20. [So/ne uses of the Ablative without a Preposition : sce
sunnnary of these uses at the eiid of frefarations § 20.) '

{A.) In ihe second century before ihe birth of Christ^ Britain
was free. The boys and girls (§ 15) of the uncivilized Britons
were free from lessons. The savage (§ 18) Britons togetlier with
their sons used-to-kill stags and wild-boars in the woods with
S])ears and arrows. They used-to-catch (§ 7) wild-beasts with
hunting dogs (§ 19) for the sake of food.

{B.) The civiHzed Britons used-to-adorn^ their Unibs with
golden chains and with precious-stones (§ 19). By nieans of the
vcssels of the Veneti they used-to-export corn to Gaul. The
Druids were the teachers of the childrcn of the civilized Britons.
The Romans used not to fight with chariots. They used-to-fight
wilh barbarous tribes for the sake of victory and gain (§ 9). They
used often to kiU their ca[)tives ; but sometimes they used to seU
the captives at a great price (§ 9).

^NoTEON THE AuLATiVE wiTHOUT A Prkposition. The foUowing
English Picposilions are to be Iranslatecl by the Ablative without a Preposition
in certain cases.

* Froni,' when it comes after 'free' (liber, §12) and 'I am free ' {vaco, §6).

'In' or 'At,' when it comes befure a Noun denoling timj, as 'in ihe second
ceniury,' secundo saeculo (§10), 'at what o'clock?' quold hora'i (%2.\). Also
bcfore a Koun oenoling price or value, as 'at a great price,' tita^no pretio (§9).

' With,' when it mcans ' by means of,' or fornis a phrase answering ihe
question 'how?': as 'they used to fight with spears and arrows,' hastis et
sagiltis pugnabant (§18), ' they used to fight with great courage,' inagna
audacii pugnabant ; ' hideous with ra.\x\%,' fluviis foedum (§17); ' fiUed with
victims,' victitnis plena (§20) ; ' crowded with children,' liberis creber (§ 15).

' By nicans of ' is generaliy to be translated by thc Ablative alonc.

[A fuller account of how to translate Englibh Prepo^itions is given at the
cnd of this book.]

"^ Here and in future exeiciscs where Ihe phrase ' before the biuh of Chrisi'
occurs, say before Christ born.

' Use the verb orno, I adorn, I ornamcnt.

122 DRILL EXERCISES

§2 1. [Sonie fo>-/iis of tlie Future Indicative.Y

How I shall like - to walk to the place where the battle was i
Where will the place be? The place will be on the coast of Kent,
between Do\Jer and Richborough. The road will be long, but it
will be very-pleasing to us to see the place. You, Mark and
Alexander, will walk with me and with niy uncle to the place.

§2 2. {Future Indicative atid Imperative of ^ suin' and jst
Conjtigation.)

Locum cras spectabo, si caehu^ serenum crit.
Tu, Marce, locum spectabis, si caehmi sereiuun erit.
Alexander locum spectabit, si caelum serenum erit.
Universi locum spectabimus, si caelum serenum erit.
Vos, amita mea et Lydia, locum non spectabitis.
Amita mea et Lydia locum non spectabunt.

Specta, Marce !
Spectate, pueri !

If the sky is^ clear, we shall-be-able to see the place where the
Roman vessels were. My uncle will show us* the place. At what
oclock shall we arrive? You, Mark and Alexander, will dine with
us when it is^ evening. We shall carry our lunch wiih us. The
cakes and apples will give us * great dehght. "Show me * the
tombs," says Alcxander. Alexander is a httle boy. " Not loo

^The only forms needed for this exercke are those whioh have aciually
occurred in §21 of the slory.

-See note 2 on p. Ii8.

^S&y s/ia/i ie. The Future Tense often means ' sliall' as well as ' will'
in ihc 2nd and 3rd Persons, especially in suburdinale clauses. Sonictimcs
it means ' will ' in the ist Person.

■•Whnl Preposilion miglit Le used before the Pronoun in EngUsh ? Think
of the meaning. This Preposilion after a vcrb of ' showing ' is translated in
the samc way as after a verb of ' givins;.'

DRILL EXERCISES 123

fast ! (say hurry' slo7ii/y)" says my uncle. " Give attention, boys,"
says niy aunl, "'we shall dine at the eleventh hour. I shall praise
(§ 13) yo*^) if you arrive^ before the eleventh hour. You will not
arrive after the eleventh hour, as I hope." " I hope not,""^ says
my uncle.

§ 23. [Future Indicative and Tmperative contifiued.)
\Ve shall start (say give ourselves to the road) at the fifth hour.
We shall not walk quickly. For Alexander will be tired if we
walk 3 too (§ 1 2) quickly. What o'clock will it be when we
aiii\c?* Will you be tired, Alexander, if we ariive* at thc tenth
hour? "I shall not be tired " says Alexander. " You will not
wu!k too quickly, as I hope," says my aunt, " for Alexander is a
litlle boy." "Not too fiist ! (say hurry slowly)" says Lydia;
"Alexander will be hungry before the tenih hour. Cairy an
apple with you, Alexander ! " "I shall not be hungry," says
Alexander. "Give me the cakes," says my uncle. "Good-bye"
says my aunt ; "arrive in-good-time (say (7//^r/««<f/>')."

§ 24. {Ferfect Indicative of ' sum ' and ist Conjugation.)
Fractice in all persons of the Singular and Flural the sentence:
Locum spectavi quo Gaius luHus navigia sua applicavit.

The sky was clear when we walked to the place where Gaius
JuUus fought with the Britons. In the year 55 B.C.* he built
vessels in Gaul and sailed from the GalHc coast to the coast of
Kent. He brought his vessels to land between Dover and Rich-

^ Say skall arrive.

* See note 3 on p. 120,

- Use the Future Tense, as in Ex. §22, p. 122.

* Say in the fifty-fifth year before Chrisl born ; and siniilarly in all future
senlences when the phrase ' B.C or ' A.D.' (Anno Domini) occurs, say before
Christ born or nfter Christ bot n.

]J4 DKILL EXERCISES

borough, as leamed men have gcnerally [mostly, § 13) affirmed. The
Britons were prepared (§21), aiid ihey hasteiied to the place. My
uncle has often seen the place, but we boys have never been there.

§ 25. {Pliiperfect Indicative 0/ ' stim ' and ist Conjugation).
Practice in all persons of the Singular and Plural the sentence :
Ad locum adventaveram quo Gaius luhus navigia sua appUcavit.

When Gaius Julius anchored ^ his vessels near the British
coast, the Britons had already gathered themselves together on ihe
cUffs. " We Britons wiU never be slaves (§19)" they say (§ 21).
They had hastened along the sea-shore and had prepared them-
selves for battle (§24). iloman forces had never before sailed to
our island. But GaUic vessels had often sailed to Britain for the
sake of commerce. Gaius JuUus had never before been in Britain.
But he had waged-war (§ 24) against the inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring coast. The Gauls (§ 19) had told Gaius JuUus^ many-
things about Britain.

§ 26. {Future Present Indicative of ' sum ' and ist Conjugation.)
Practice in all persons (f the Singular and Plural the sentence :
Cum aUerum pomum gustavero, in viam me dabo.

" When^ shaU we-have arrived home*? " says Alexander. " My
aunt wiU not praise (§13) us" say I (§21) " if we arrive* late
(§23)." "We shaU have arrived before the eleventh hour," says

^ Where the phrase ' to anchor ' oecurs, say ' to fasten to anchors,' as in the
story.

'^What Preposition might be put in before ' Gaius Juhus' in English ?
Compare Ex. 22, note 4 (p. 122).

* What is the word for ' when ' in a question ?

* Use ihe word ihat properly means ' homewards' : for the Romans always
spoke of arriving ' lo a place ' (not ' at a place.')

» Use the Futurp Prrfert Ten-se (shall have ).

DRILL EXERCISES 125

my uncle, "unless (§25) ihere-is^ rain (§17). If the sky is* clear,
we shall not arrive late, as I hope." "IJnless you, Alexander,
walk^ quickly," says Mark, " there will be deiay." " When
shall we visit Richborough ? " say I. " If you visit ^ me next year
(j>roximo anno)" says my uncle " I will walk with you to Rich-
borough,^ and I will show vou the ruins of the castle belonging-
to-Richborough (§21)."

After § 26. {On Adjectives in -atus, a, uin).

A. Translate and compare the following exampks of Adkctives in
-atus, -a, -um, ivJiich have occurred in ihe story.
Aedificium consecratum (§10).
Nonnulla navigia Castella r\ominata sunt (§ i i)'
Locus in fabula commemoratus est (§ 14^
Urnae pulchre ornatae (§20).
Quota hora parati eritis? (§21).
Non fatigatus sum (§23).
Copiae armatae (§ 24).
Quando satiatus eris ? (§ 26).

All these Adjectives are formed from Verbs, like tke Eng/ish
Adjectivcs in -ed or -n formed from Verbs. Adjectives formed from
Verbs are generally called ^ Participles,' and they may be used, like
other Adjectives, either to qualify Nouns or with tJie Verb ^ to be'
(see examples above). IVhen they are used tvith tJie Verb ^ to be' tJiey
form certain tenses of tJu ^ Passive Voice,' as in EnglisJi.

' Use the Future Perfect Tcnse (shalt have ).

^ Imitate the way of saying ' to Dover ' given in § 24 of the story, and see
also ihe rule given in Prepnralions §22. The case used to express 'lo' and
'from' with the name of a Town is ihe same as if ihe Preposilions wt and ah
were uscd.

126 DRILL EXEKCISES

B. Translate i?ito Latin.

I am not satisfied.

Are you fatigued, Alexander ?

The um is beautifully adorned.

I have seen an urn beautifully adorned.

The Britons were armed with spears and arrows.

The Brilnns were prepared for (cf. § 24) battle.

We wer»» prepared for lunch.

The building was already consecrated in the second century,

The Romap vessels were already fastened to anchors (§ 24)

The Britons were gathered-together on the sea shore (§ 25)

After § 26. {On Adjectives in -andus^ a, um, and Nouns iu
-a7idum)}

Translate in the ivay indicated in the Preparations (§§25, 24, 23)
the folloiving sentences containing Adjectives in -andus, a, um : —

Audacia aquihferi erat laudanda [Jaud-able or praise-worthy,

§25).

Audacia laudanda aquiliferi Romanos servavit.

Magister noster est amandus {ami-able or lov-able or worthy-to-he-
lored).

Amita mea est amanda.

Amita mea amanda in Cantio habitat.

Scopuli Cantii sunt spectandi {jvorthy-tobe-secn or simply to-be-
seen).

Scopulos spectandos Cantii saepe visitavi.

Navigia ad scopulos non sunt appliranda {to-be-brought-to-
land).

* Tlie iises of the Adjoctivcs in -andus, a, uni, and Noiins in -anduin wilJ
be more fuUy explaincd hcie.ifter (al the end of ihe Exercises).

DRILL EXERCISES 12/

Locus non idoneus est ad navigia applicanda {for vcssels io-be-
broi4ght-to-land, § 34).^

Locus idoneus erat ad copias explicandas {for forces to-be-
deployed, §25).

Translate ihe following sentences containing Noiins in -andiem: —

Paratus sum ad ambulandum {for walking, §23).

Parati sumus ad remigandum {cf. remigo, I row).

Cupidi {desirous) sumus remigandi (Gen. Case of 'remigandum.')

Cupidi eramus visitandi locum ubi proelium erat.

Cupidus sum ambulandi ad locum.

Ad locum ambulandi cupidus sum.

§ 27. {Sfd Declension. — Masculines and Feminines thnt form t/ie
Nominative Singular without adding -s).

{A). C. Julius Caesar was a famous {c/arus, § 15) general of the
Romnns in the first century B.C. Great was the glory (§4) of C.
Julius Caesar. The Gauls feared (§ 2 ; say used-io-fear) Caesar.
For within (§22) three years he had defeated (§24) the Helvetii^
in South Gaul and the Veneli on the Gallic coast and the tribes
of Belgic Gaul. Tliere-were niany Caesars before and after C.
Julius Caesar. The Romans used-to-name^ the Caesars * Generals.'
The forces of the Caesars were great. My uncle has told me
many-things about the Caesars.

'Compare in English such sentences as ' It is time for Ihc dinner to 1)0 got
ready,' ' I am eagcr for the dinner to be got ready,' ' Ring the bell (or the
dinner to be cleared away,' etc.

^ Helvetii, the plural of Helvetius, is a noun of the 2nd Declension. The
llelvelii lived in Helvetia (Swilzerland).

'Use itouii>io 'I name,' from which comes the Adjective nominaius, a, um
'namcd' (§11).

1^6 DRILL EXERCISES

(B). Wh)- did Caesar wage-war against Britain? The cause (§9)
of the expedilion against Britain is known (§16). During the
war with the Veneti some of the tribes ^ of Britain had suppHed
auxih'aries to^ the Veneli. For the Veneti had been friends of tiie
tribes of South Britain during niany years. There had also been
war between the tribes of Soulh Britain. And the Trinobantes
were friends of the Romans. Accordingly (§ 19) Caesar prepared
to supply aid to the Trinobantes against the Cassi.

§ 28. (Same Nouns co/ttinued.)

Caesar's first expedition was not great ; but in the second
expedition of the next year a great multitude of vessels and five
legions sailed with Caesar to Britain. How-many^ mcn were-there
in a Roman legion ? How-many men were-there in five Roman
legions ? The number was different (§19) in different centuries.
Among* Caesar's forces were also many Galhc auxiharies. For
the Belgae and other Galhc tribes had supphed forces to Caesar.
Many Caesars were warUke. In the first century A. D. one (§22)
of the Caesars named Claudius was the second conqueror {viitor)
of Britain. I do not Jove the Caesars ; but C. Juhus Caesar was
a great man and a great gcneral.

§ 29. {jfcl Dedension. — Masculines and Feminines tliat fonn
the Noviinative Singiilar by adding s.)

A. The; e had been peace between the Romans and the Britons
after the first expedition of Caesar. It was not necessary for
Caesar (§24) to wage-war a seco-id-time against the free tdbes of

'Translate 'tribe' hy itatio (instead of />o/utus) in ihis and all following
exercises.

^The verb ' to supply ' is a verb of 'givinij.' How, ihen, is to the Veixmi
to be translated ?

*' How-many' is (^m^/ "(indeclinable ; see Latin Driil § 13).

* Say /// the nuiuber o/.

DRILL EXERCISES I29

Britain. But he was desirous of glory and booty. Accordingly
in the year 54 B.C. he transporled five legions of Roman soldicrs
and a great multitude of Gallic horse-soldiers to our island. The
soldiers of the Roman legions were foot-soldiers.^ Caesar did not
feai the lcmpests^ of the English channel; he did not fear tlie
arrows and cbariots of the British tiibcs. From (ex) the pluck
of his soldiers and sailors he expected (§ 26) victory.

§ 30. (jrd Declension. — Neuiers in -nien, -us or -ur.y
Aniong Caesar's legions was the tenth (§22) legion. The name
of the tenth legion was * Alauda.'* The nameof the tenth legion
was famous, and dear to the soldiers. What^ was the name of the

^The word for ' foot-soldier ' is pedes (%\.em pedit-), declined like miles and
eques. [J>ed-it- means properly 'foot-goer,' as equ-it- means * horse-goer.']

'Use tempestas, which also means ' weather' {Preparations §29).

'These Neuters, like the Masculines and Feminines of §§ 27 anJ 2S, form
the Nominative Singular wiihout adding an s. The s of words like tei/ipus
(wilh an r before the ending of ihe Gcn. Sing.) is not an addition to the stem
but part of it : bctween two vowels, however, the s changcs to r.

The Rule of Gender in the ^rd Decl. is therefore : —

1. Nouns denoting PERSONS are Masculine if they denote MALE

PERSONS, Feminine if they denote FEMALE PERSONS. (This
rule is the same for all declensions).

2. Nouns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular

by adding an s are mostly Feminino.
8. Not^ns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular
without adding an s are mostly —

Feminine if the Nom. Sing. ends in 10, DO or GO ;
Neuter if the Nom. Sing. ends in MEN, US, UR, or E;
Masculine in other cases (for in^tance wben the
Nom. Sing. ends in OR).

*A Noun of the ist Declension, meaning ' the Lark.'

• Use quid [stt Drill Ex. § 3, p. 106). In asking ' what is the name?' the
Romans regularly used the Pronoun quid (not the adjectival form of it).

130 DRILL EXERCISES

river where there was a great contest of the Britons against the
Romans? There-are many rivers in South Britain. Caesar does
not raention^ the name of the river. A Roman had three^ names.
The first names of Caesar were Gaius and Juhus. The chief (§12)
name of a Roman was the second name.

§ 3 1. {Same Nouns coniinued.)

{A.) There were many contests of the Britons with the Romans.
In some of the contests the Britons carried off the victory. But
they were not able to stand (§ 11) against the weight and strength
of the Roman legions. The bodies of tne Britons were big and
strong, and the Roraans were mcn of small i;odies.^ But Caesar's
legions were skilled (§15) in* war. Accordirigly they mostly (§13)
carried off the victory without many wounds.

{B.) Before the time of C. Juhus Caesfir Roman vessels had
never (§25) sailed to our island, unless (§25) for the sake of
commerce (§19). After the time of C. JuHus Caesar another (§24)
Caesar, by name Claudius, got-logether (§ 28) an expedition against
Britain. In the times' of Nero^ Agricola defeated (§ 24) ihe
Britons and Caledonians. C. Julius Caesar was the first but not
the chief (§ 12) conqueror of the Britons.

' Use commemoro, ' I mention,' from which comes the Adjective comviemor-
atns, a, um 'mentioned' (§ 14).

^The Neuter of ircs (§ 27) is /r/a.

'For 'men' use homo ; and for 'of small bodies' say ' wilh small bodies,'
as in the last line of § 30 of the story.

^What Case does the Adjective meaning 'skilled' take in Latin? See
rnparations § 15 (p. 73).

*No Preposition in Latin; for 'in the times' denotes time when; cf. p. 69.
' A^ero (stem Neron-) was one of the early Caesars or Emperors of Rome,
belonging to the Julian family.

DRILL EXERCISES I3I

§32- {3^^ Declension. — Feminines and Masadines in -is, likt
* navis ').

{A^ Caesar's fleet was large. For there-were not only ships of-
burden but also ships of-war in the fleet. How-many^ ships sailed
with Caesar on the second expedilion ? The whole (§ 16) number
of the ships was eight-hundred. Six-hundred of (use ex) the ships
were ships of-burden. The Romans sometimes used-to-name- ships
of-burden ' vessels.' ' Vessel ' is a noun (say na^ne) of the second
declension (use declinatio), but ' ship ' is a noun of the third (§ 23)
declension.

{B.) When the enemy^ saw Caesar's great fleet, they feared
(§ 2). But the size of Caesar's ships was small. In the ships of-
burden were the soldiers and the horses-and the arms. Why did
Caesar sail with ships of-war against the British enemy?^ The
Britons had built no ships. But Caesar perhaps (§ 25) did-not-
know (§31) this.'* He had prepared his second expedition in^ the
winter of the year 55 B.C. He sailed in^ the sumrner (§29) of the
next (§28) year. In ancient times Rome ruled^ the waves.

§ 33. {Same Nouns continued.)

In a Roman ship of-burdcn not more'^ than two-hundred (§32)
men were-able to sail. A ship of-burden was not so large as a
ship of^var. How-many men were-able to sail in Caesar's fleet ?

1 See Ex. §28, Note 3 (p. 128), and Latin Drill, § 13.
*See Ex. §27 A, Note 3 (p. 127).

* Use the Piural (enemies).

*Use hoc ; see Preparations § 15 (p. 73^.

*No Preposition in Latin ; for *in the winter' and 'in the summer' denote
time -u<hen, like ' in the second century ' {Prep. § 10), ' last year ' (§ 16), etc.

• Say was rnistress 0/.

'The Singular Number of the word meaning ' morc ' {P>ep. §33)isgood
Latin here ; but the Verb ' were-able ' must be Plural, as in the English.

132 DRILL EXERCISES

On a Roinan ship of-war there-were somelimes high turrets, as
(§ i8) on ships of-the-present-day (§i8). From the high turrets
the soldiers used to drive-off (§ 25) the enemy with spears (§18).
An ancient ship of-war had sails and oars. An ancient ship of-war
was not armed with iron plates. An ancient ship of-war was not
so large as a ship of-war of-the-present-day.

§34. {jfd Dechnsion. — Feminines and Afasciilines whose siems
end ifi iwo consonanis.)

(A.) Cassivellaunus was king of a small part of South Britain
What^ was the name of the race? In ancient times^ there-were
many races and many kings in Britain. Many^ of the races were
barbarous. But the races of the Southern (use meridianus, a, um)
parts were not barbarous. Before the times of Caesar Cassi-
vellaunus had fought against the-other (§ 19) races of South
Britain. The name of the king of the Trinobantes was
Imanuentius.

(B.) The boundaries of many British races are not known (§ 16)
to us. The names of the British kings are mostly (§13) not
mentioned (§14) in the book of Caesar. Britain was not a part
of the Roman empire* after the victory of Caesar. After the
time of Claudius, the fourth (§29) Caesar, ^ Britain was under the
command^ of the Caesars. The name of the family {u^e ^ens) of
C. JuHus Caesar was the Julian family. The Romans used-to-
name the Caesars " Princes " and " Generals."

^See Ex. §30, note 5 (p. 129).

^See Ex. §31, note 5 (p. 130).

'What Gender? ' Maiiy of the races' means ' many rac^s of the races.'
For ' of ' use ex.

* Use impcnmn.

'In what case must ' the fourth Caesar' be ? Tliink of the meaning
(ajicr the tixi ef the fourth Caesar).

DRILL EXERCISES 133

^ 35- {Sa/ne Nouns iO/iiinued.)

{A.) Sonie^ of ihe Soulhem or maritime races of Britain were
Belgians (§ 15). But the Eelgae were of German origin, as Caesar
tells us in the 'Gallic War.' The chapter is the fourth of the second
book. Therefore there-were people^ of German origin in Britain
in the first and second century B,C. The inhabitants of modem
Britain (say of Britain of-the-preseni-day) are mostly of German
origin. But they migrated across the German ocean into Britain
in the fourth and the fifth century after the birth of Christ.

{B.) Many modern cities are named from (use ex) the Belgian
(§ 1 1) races of Kent. The names of the cities are Belgian. But
the Belgians of Britain used not to build cities, if the testimony
(§ 1 7) of Caesar is true. Winchester (§ 1 5) is the name of an ancient
city of South Britain. The inhabitants of cities are not barbarous.
Caesar tells us about Brilish ' towns.' The British ' towns ' were
different from (§ 19) cities.

§36. [jrd Dec/ension. — Neuters in -e, like 'mare.')
The British sea separates (§34) Britain from Gaul. A part of
the British sea is named the ' GaUic channel.' Some of the
Gauls used-to-sail across the British sea to Brilain for the sake of
commerce. London is not many miles distant from the sea. The
Biitons did not fight against Caesar on the sea, because they had
never (§25) built ships. British sailors now sail across many seas.
On many seas and in many lands (§4) you see the British flag (§ 1 1).

^What Gender? ' Some of the races' means ' some races of the races.'
For ' of ' use ex.

" Say men, and use Aomo {Prep. § 30). Ilomo means ' human being ' and
includes women ; vir does not include women. The Plural oihomo is Ihe only
word tlial can be used for ' people ' in the sense of ' persons ' ; for populus
means ' o peopie ' in ihe sense of ' a nation ' or ' a tribe,' and the Plural
populi means ' nations ' or ' tribes.'

134 DRILL EXERCISES

§37. {Recapitulation of Nouns of jrd Dedension.)
The British soldiers used-to-fight from {out-of) chariots. Caesar
had not only foot-soldiers but also horse-soldiers (§29). But the
mobility of the Roman soldiers was not great. Accordingly the
enemy often used-to-thro\v-into-confusion the ranks of the Romans.
In modern times ^ horse-soldiers sometimes carry (§6) the arms
(§30) of foot-soldiers. Thus they are able to leap- down-from
(§14) their horses and to fight on-foot. The Boers ^ of South
Africa have horse-soldiers of-this-kind.

§38. {Recapitulation of Nouns ofjrd JDeclension continued.)

The boundaries (§34) of the Cassi were across (§35) the rivcr
Thames. The Brilish leader (§29) used not to fight against the
Romans in proper (§37) battles. He used to dash suddenly out-
of the woods and attack the Roman legions. Then he used to
recall (§31) his horse-soldiers and his chariots. The British leader
had many thousands (§ 36) of charioteers. Accordingly he some-
times used-to-carry-ofif the victory. There-were ten cohorts in a
Roman legion, and about (§36) five-hundred (§36) men in a
cohort. Accordingly there-were about five (§26) thousand men
Issiy five thousands of men) in a legion.

§ 39. {Recapitulation of Nouns of jrd Decletision continued.)

Caesar hastened to the banks of the river Thames. * Where

was the 'town' of Cassivellaunus? Caesar does not name the

town. The town was not a city. It was not strengthened (§ 30)

with walls. It was not London. But it was not far from London.

'See Ex. §31, Note 5 (p. 130).

" Say give themselves, as in § 25 of the story.

»5aA7r7 ( = Dutch).

* In what Case must ' Thames * be ? Think of the meaning.

DRILL EXERCISES 135

Perhaps^ it was St. Albans, ' as sonie learned men have aflirmed.
Caesar tells about the town of Cassivellaunus in the fifth book of
the Gallic War.

§40. {Recapitulation of Nouns 0/ jrd Declension coniinited.)
Caesar's carap was^ in Kent. There-is also a place in Souih
Africa named* Caesar's Camp. The tribes of Kent fought bravely
for {pn-behalf-of) their native-land (§4), but the Trinobantes were
friends of the Romans and enemies of the Cassi. Accordingly the
unhappy Britons fought in-vain. At-length (§25) many states
begged peace from («) Caesar. The conditions of peace wcre
hard (say rough, §13). After the peace Caesar sold^ a great
multitude of British captives (§19). Thus many British men and
women (§20) and children were slaves (§19) of the Romans in the
first century before the birth of Christ.

§ 41. {Nouns of jrd Declension continued.) •

Thus (§16) Caesar carried-off the victory and imposed a tribute
upon^ the inhabitants of South Britain. The Romans carried-off
the victory because (§1 5) they were skilled (§15) in war. The tenth
legion was with Caesar in Britain. Caesar loved the tcnth legion.
In the first expedition, while the Romans hesitated (§25) to fight,

' For ' perhaps ' see Preparations § 25.

' Veruldinium.

' Remember that the Verb must agree with its Subject [castra).

* Remember that the Adjective must agree with its Noun. Which is the
Noun to which the Adjective 'named' belongs?

' Venum-do, ' l sell,' is a compound of do, 'I give,* meaning liter.illy ' I
offer for sale,' and forms its Pcrfect hke do.

•The Adjectives of the 3rd Declension are deferred till §42.

' Imitate the construction given in § 40 of the story.

136 DRILL exercises

the eagle-bearer of the tenth legion leaped ^ into the waves and
carried (§6) thc Roman eagle (.§ 25) to the land (§4). Accordingly
the Romans defeated (§24) the Britons on-account-of (§33) the
pluck of the ea^le-bearer. The Roman eagles were made-of-silver
(§9) and served as- flags.

§ 42. {Adjectives of the jrd Declension.)

(A.) The ancient Biitons were brave men. They fought with'
admirable pluck. The bodies of the ancient Britons were big and
strong. The Romans were not so {%33) big as the Britons ; but
by means of the science of war they were able to carry-oflf
the victory from the Britons. Cacsar was a distinguished general.
He had defeated the brave tribes of Belgic Gaul in a short time.
Victory was sweet to Caesar.

(B.) Not all* the British states (§40) had fought against Caesar.
There had never (§25) been an aUiance (§34) of all the tribes of
Britain against an enemy. It' is wonderful ihat (§41) the Britons
were-able to fight so (§41) successfully against the conquerors of
so-many (§40) seas and lands. The name of Caesar was dis-
tinguished through (§26) the whole (§16) world (§41). The soldiers
of the tenth legion were veterans. It * is sweet to fight and, if it is
necessary (§24), to die* for (§40) one's^ native-land.

»See Ex. §37, note 2 (p. 134).

''Say 7vere instead-of ; cf. § n of the story (" the skins served as sails.")

*See Ex. §20, note i (p. 121, on the Ablative without a Preposition).

''Adjectives meaning ' all/ unlike other Adjectives, generally coine before
Iheir Nouns in Latin : cf. nole 2, p. iii, and Rule i of Oider, p. lox.

' No separate word for 'it'; but the Adjective after *is' must be in the
Neuter Gender, as in §41 of the story.

• Say ' to expire,' exspirare.

' Omit the word ' one's ' in translating.

DRILL EXERCISES 137

§43. {Adjeclives 0/ jrd Declension conti/iued.)

The tribes of Belgic Gaul also were warlike.^ Caesar had
slaughtered (§20) a huge number of the brave Nervii, fighting^
against the Romans. The British auxiUaries had been useful to'
the Veneti. Accordingly Caesar waged-war against the " arrogant
Britons." And he carriedoff a huge number of British slaves and
captives.

"The time is short," says my uncle; "it is necessary (§24) to
hasten homewards. It* has been pleasaiit to you, as I hope, to
see a Briiish ship of-war and to walk to the place where Caesar
fought with the Britons." We all^ approved-of (§41) the opinion
of my uncle.

GOD SAVE THE KINa

' Use ferox, which as the name of a ship in the Channel squadron is trans-
lated ' the Furious ' in § 42 of the story. All the names of ships given there
can be used as Adjectives, but niust then not be spelled with capital letters.

^" Fighting' is an Adjective describing the Nervii. In what Case must it,
then, be?

• ' Useful to' is like ' dear to ' {Preparations § 15),

*See Ex. §42, note 5 (p. 136).

' Say ' all wc-approvcd.'

APPENDICES. ^

I. — On Adjectives in -NDUS, A, UM and Nouns
iN -NDUM.

The Adjectives in -ndus, a, um differ from other Adjectives
only in the following respects : —

(i) They are all formed from the stems of Verbs. In EngUsh,
too, we have many Adjectives formed from Verbs, and some of
them are similar in meaning to the Latin Adjectives in -ndns,
a, um ; for instance 'laud-able' (frora 'I laud,' Lat. laudd),
'lov-able' (in the sense 'worthy to be loved,') *eat-able' (in the
sense 'fit to be eaten.')

(2) They cannot always be translated by Adjectives in Enghsh,
because English gcneraliy has no Adjective with exactly the same
meaning ; so they have often to be translated by a phrase Uke
' to-be-loved,' 'tobe-read,' * to-be-eaten.' Sometimes it is con-
venient to translate them in other ways.

The foUowing sentences, taken from the story, should be care-
fully examined.

Audacia aquiliferi erat laudanda, 'the courage of the eagle-bearer

^ These Appendices are not intended to be used by tlie pupil except as a
summary and fuller explanation of some of the constructions wliich have been
met wilh in the text. But they are written with a view to the neeJs of
beginners, and are thrown into a form which the writer has found to be
capable of appealing to the minds even of young pupils, if brought before them
gradually and on seasonable occasions.

APPENDICES 139

was laud-able or praise-woithy ' (§25). Here the Adjeciive
laudanda (feminine of laudandus, to agree with audacia) is
formed from the Verb laudo, ' I praise,' and it has the same
meaning as the English Adjective formed with '-able'or
'-worthy,' but we may also translate it by ' worthy-to-be
praised,' or simply ' to-be-praised.' This Adjective, like
other Adjectives, may be used wilhout the Verb ' to be,'
and in any Case ; thus we get

NoM. audacia laudania, ' laudable courage'
Acc. audftciam laudandavi, ' laudable courage '
Gen. audaciae laudandae, ' of laudable courage,' etc
Hence such a phrase may be made to depend on a
Preposition, as shown in the next sentence.

Locus erat idoneus adnavigia applicattda, 'there was a place suitable
for vessels to-be-brought-to-land ' (24). Here the phrase
navigia applicanda, ' vessels to-be-brought-to-land ' depends
on ad in the sense of ' for.' Compare in Enghsh such
common sentences as ' Ring the bell for the dinner to be
gut ready.' (Latin ad cenam parandam.)
The Nouns in -ndum differ from other Nouns only in the
following respects : —

(i) They are all formed from the stems of Verbs, just as in
Enghsh we may form a Noun out of any Verb by adding '-ing.'
Thus where in English we speak of ' row-ing,' ' walk ing,'
' visit-ing,' etc, the Romans used the Nouns remigandum, atnbul-
andum, visitandum, etc.

(2) They are hke Verbs in so far as they take the same con-
structions as the Verbs from which they are formed. So, too, do
the Enghsh Nouns formed from Verbs; thus we speak of 'rowing
quickly,' ' walking slowly ' (with Adverbs, though sometimes also
with Adjectives), and 'visiting a friend,' ' exploring a country'
(with Objects depending on the Nouns in ' -ing ').

140 APPENDICES

Labor revngandi magnus erat, ' the labour of rowing was great'
(§29). Here 7-emigandi '\% the Genitive Case of the Noun
remigandum formed from rejnigo, * I row.'

Paratine estis adambulandu/n 1 'are you ready for walking ? ' (§23).
Here ambulandum is the Accusative Case of the Noun
formcd from atnbulo, ' I walk,' and depends on c7</meaning
•'for.'

Cupidus erat visitandi et explorandi insula?n nostram, ' he was
desirous of visiting and exploring our island ' (§ 28). Here
the Genitives of the Nouns visitandum and exploranduni
take an Object in the Accusative.

The following sentences, taken from the story, contain furlher
examples of the above constructions (Adjectives and Nouns).

Virtus militum erat magnopere laudanda (§29). Here the
Adjective is quaUfied by an Adverb (as other Adjectives
may be).

Navigia novis armis ornanda erant (§31).

Locus idoneus est ad copias explicandas (§25).

Naves onerariae aptae erant ad onera transportanda (§32). *

Rofnani Britannos scientia pugnandi superabant (§30).

[No example occurs in the story of the Noun in -ndum with est
denoting 'must' or 'ought.' This is a special use and sense,
which is best deferred for subsequent study.]

* Such sentences may also be translated by an entirely different form of
speech in English ('for deploying forces.') Here 'deploying' is a Noun
formed from the Verb ' deploy.' But this translation leads to confusion willi the
use of the Latin Noun in -ndum, and should therefore be avoided so far as
possible by beginners.

APPENDICES 141

II.— HOW TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS
INTO LATIN.

Where EngHsh has a Prcposition Latin generally has one also.

Most of these Latin Prepositions take the Accusative Case, but

sonie of them (especially ab or ^, ciint, de, ex, in whcn it means

*in' or 'on,' pro, suh when it means 'under,' and sine^ take the

Ablative : it should be noted that no Latin Prepositions take the

Dative or the Genitive. But it has been scen that 'of is generally

expressed by the Genitive alone, and ' to ' very often by the Dative

alone; also that 'from,' 'at,' 'in,' ' with,' 'by,' and ' by means of

are sometimes expressed by the Ablative alone. The foUowing

rules, based upon examples wliich have occurred in this book,

will give some guidance as to when the above Prepositions are to

be translated by Prepositions in Latin and when by a Case without

any Preposition; but the rules are only an outline, to be fiUcd up by

future reading, and they deal only with the most important usages.

OF is generally translated by the Genitive, as in ' the door of

the country-house,' ianua villae (§1), *the courage of sailors,'

audacia jtautarum (§2), ' traces of the Romans,' vesiigia Roman-

orum (§9), 'a task of great labour,' ^/>«,y viagni laboris ( = 'very

laborious,' §31), 'an abundance of plants,' copia planiarum (§3), 'a

great number of coins,' magnus numerus nuinmorum (§9).^

But (i.) in such phrases as 'some of,' ' many of,' the 'of ' may be

translated by ex with the Ablative; thus 'some of the

vessels ' may be translated nonnulla ex navigiis (§ 1 1),

* many of the tribes,' jnulti ex populis (§ 1 8).

(ii.) when the phrase ' of ' describes a quality of the

person or thing spoken of, it is sometimes translated by the
Ablative without a Preposition ; thus 'men of robust body'
is homines robusto corpore (§30) : cf. § 43, note on p. 99.

' It may be noted that the ' of ' in many of these examples does not denote
possession.

142 APPENDICES

TO is generally translated by ad wilh the Accusative (or sonie-
times by in with the Accusalive, §ii) when it comes after a verb
of ' going ' or any verb that denotes motion, such as ' bring ' or
* carry ' or ' send : ' thus ' I walk to the wood ' is ad silvatn ambiik
(§5). But it is sometimes translated by the Accusative w'..hout a
Preposition, sometimes by the Dative ; viz. : —

By the Accusative without a Preposition when it comes before
the name of a Town : thus ' he brought his vessels to Dover ' is
navigia Diibras applicavit (§24), 'I walked to London ' is
Londiniiitn amhulavi.

By ^he Dative in the following cases :

(i) when it comes after a verb of 'giving'; thus 'it gives
delight to Lydia,' is Lydiae laetitiam dat (§5), 'they had
suppUed auxiliaries to the Gauls ' is Gallis auxilia sub-
ministraverant (§27).

(ii) when it comes after the verb ' to be' in the phrase 'there
is to sonieone ' = 'someone has ' ; thus ' my uncle has coins'
\% patruo meo nummi sufit (§ 9).

(iii) when it comes after Adjectives which can take 'to' in
English, like 'dear,' 'pleasant,' 'useful'; thus 'he is dear
to us ' is twbis carus est (§15).

FROM is generally translated by ab or ex with the Ablative ;
but by the Ablative alone —

(i) when it comes after certain Verbs and Adjectives with the
sense of ' free ' ; thus ' he is free from miiitary service ' is
militia vacat (§ 6), 'free from lessons ' is liber scholis (§ 1 2).

(ii) when it comes before the name of a Town and after a
Verb of * going ' or any Verb that denotes motion ; tlius
' they will arrive from Dover ' is Dubris adventabunt
(§22).

APPENDICES T43

IN or AT^ \s generally traiislated by in with the Ablative ; but
by the Ablative alone —

(i) when it comes before a Noun denoting time, such as ' day,'
'month,' 'year,' ' century,' 'hour'; ihus 'in the second
century ' is seaindo saeculo (§ i o), ' in the next year ' is
proximo anno (§28), 'at what o'clock?' is quota horal (§21).
(ii) when it cames before a Noun denoting price or value ' :
thus 'at a great price ' is ^tiagno pretio (§ 9).

WITH is translated by cum with the Ablative when it means
' together with ' or ' in company with ' (as in ' I walk with my
aunt,' cum amita mea ambulo, §3, or ' fighting with the Romans,'
cufn Romams pugnantes, §43) ^ ; but by the Ablative alone in
other senses ; viz : —

(i) when 'with' means 'bymeans of;' thus 'they used to
fight with spears and arrows ' is hastis et sagittis
pugnabant (§18): here 'spears and arrows' are the
instruments with which they fought. Similarly when
* with ' comes after Adjectives meaning ' fi.lled ' ; thus
' fiUed with victims' is plenus victimis (§20)^, ' crowded
with children' is creber pueris et puelHs (§15).

(ii) when the phrase ' with ' answers the question

' how ? ' ; thus ' they used to fight with great courage ' is
magna audacia pugnabant. Here ' with great courage '
describes the manner in which they fought.

^ When ' at ' comes before the name of a Town, it is translated by the
Locative without a Preposition ; but no example of this Case occurs in this
book. The Locative, however, is the same in form as the Ablative, except in
the Ist and 2nd Declension, Singular Number.

^ Sometimes M«a 'together' is added, as in ' together with a multilude 0/
Gallic auxiliaries, una cum multiludiite aiixiliorum Galliiorum (§ 28).

* But just as in English we may say not only ' filled ivith ' but also ' full of,^
so in Latin pUnus may take the Genitive ; thus ' full of joys ' is plenus
gaudiorum (f 13).

144 APPENDICES

(iii) when the phrase 'with ' answers the question

' why ? ' thus ' the cUmate was hideous with rains ' is
caebim plnviis foediiin erat (§17). Here 'with rains'
means ' because of rains.'

(iv) when the phrase ' with * describes a quality of the

person or thing spoken of '; thus 'a man with a robust
body' is homo fobusto corpore (§30), 'aboy with blue
eyes ' is puer oculis caeruieis.

B Y MEANS OF is sometimcs translated hy per ('through') with
tlie Accusative, but generally by the Ablative without a Preposition:
thus ' they used to fasten their ships by means of iron chains ' is
naves catenis fej-reis deligahant (§ 33), ' he hastened to the Thames
by means of uninterrupted marches' \% continuis itineribus ad
Tamesain properavit (§ 38).

^F is sometimes translated by ab or a with the Ablative, but
generally by the Ablative without a Preposition : thus ' by reason
( = for thc sake) of commcrce ' is mercaturae causa (§ l 9), cf. animi
causa (§20); 'by land and by sea' is terra marique (§43).

III.— GENERAL RULES OF ORDER.

RuLE I. — Anything that goes with a Xo'm (excepting a Pre-
position)is generally put after that Noun in Latin ; thus 'villa
bella,^ ' villa amitae meae.' Exxept Numeral Adjectives and
Adjectives meaning 'all,' 'some,' ' many,' 'few.'*

RuLE 2. — Anything that goes with a Verb or an Adjective or
an Adverb is generally put before that Verb, Adjective or Adverb
in Latin ; thus ^ saepe specto,' ';w« specto,' ' scapham specto,' ' /«
j<ra///(3 navigo ' ; ';w«magnus'; '«<?«saepe.'

* Demonslralive Adjcclives (moaning 'iliis' or ' llvat ') and Intcrrogative
Adjectives (meaning ' wliich?' or ' what?') also precede their Nouns in Latin,
as in English ; but the Demonslialivcs do not occur in this book. An Inter-
logative occurs in quota hoia ?

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY.

The words printed in Llack type are essentiai words which need tobe learned
by heartj as occuring most often in the text and for the sake of their im-
portance.

Words of the third declension have the stem inserted in brackets, except
where it is the same as the Nom. Sing. (e.g. arbor). To words like tiavis the
Gen. Piur. is given. Genders are given where irregular accordingto ihe rules
on p. 75 and p. 129 (m. =masculine, f.=feminine, n. = neuter).

The figures i, 2, 3 denote the declension or conjugation.

ab or 5 (with Abl.), from; ab
occidente parte (§35), off the
West side, on the West

ab-sum, ab-esse, a-fuT, latti distanty
I atti absent

abundo, l, I ahoitnd [Ah\.=in)

accommodatus, a, um, suited [ac-
comodated]

acciiso, I, I accuse

acutus, a, um, sharp [acute]

ad (with Acc), to ; sometimes yi»r
or at or near (see §§ 15, 23, 24)

adhuc, hilherto

admirabilis, 3, adj., adinirable

ad-8um, ad-esse, ad-fui, / am
present

adulescentulus, 2, youn^ man

adventS, i, I arrive

adversus, a, um, adverse

aedificium, 2, huildiiig [edifice)

aedificS, i, I build

acr (afir-), 3, m., air

aeneus, a, um, made of copfer

aes (aer-), 3, n., copper or hrass

aestas (aestat-), 3, summer

aetas (-tat-), 3, a^^e

affirmO, i, I affirm, state

atnictu, I, / T^rifr/t [afflict]

agellus, 2,farm, estate

ager, ngr-um, -I, -6, 2, field

agger, 3, mouiid

agricola, \, farnier

albus, a, um, white

Alexander, Alexandr-um, -T, -o, 2,

Alexatider
aliqu.indo, soitie day
aliquantum, a consideraHe aitiount
alius, alia, aliud, other (Gen. and

Dat. Sing. irregular)
alter, altcra, alterum, another, a

secotid (Gen. and Dat. Sing.

irregular)
altuB, a, um, high, lofty [alti-tude]
amabo te, please
ambuliiiio (-ion-), 3, vjalk
ambulo, I, I -valk
amlcitia, l, friendship
amicUB, 2,friend
amita, I, aunt
am8, I, I love, Hke
amphitheairum, 2, amphitheatre
an, or (in a queslion)
ancilla, I, maid-servant
ancora, i, anchor
Anderida silva, the Andredsweald
Anglicus, a, um, Etif^lish
angulus, 2, ani^le, coriur
animuB, 2, tiiind: aninuts ingratus,

iiigratitude
annns, 2, year [annual]
ante (with Acc. ), hefore
antea (Adverb), hefore
antiquua, a, um, ancient
AniOnius, 2, AiUony
anxius, a, um, anxious
aper, apr-um, -I, -6, 2, wild boaf

146

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

apertus, a, nm, open

applicO, I, I bring to land [apply]

appropinqnO, i, I approach

aptns, a, um,yf//'<ri/[apt]

apud (with Acc. ), in the house of,

French chez
aqna, water, i [aquarium]
aquila, i, eagle
aquilifer, 2, eagle-bearer
ara, i, altar
arbor, 3, f., tree
area, i, open space [area]
arena, i, sand

argenteus, a, um, made of silver
argentum, ^^^Vz^^r^French 'argent']
aries (ariet-), 3, m., ram
arithmetica, i, arithmetic

anna, neut. plur., 2, arms, fittingi

armatus, a, um, armed

armentum, 2, herd

arS, I, I plough

arrogans (arrogant-), 3, adj., arr(h

gant
asper, aspera, asperum, rough
ater, atra, atrum, dark
atqne, and also, aye and
audacia, l, coura^e, audacity
aureus, a, um, golden
ausculto, I, I listen
autem, however
auxilium, 2, help, aid

auxilia (plur.), auxiliaries
avaritia, i, avarice

baca, I, berry

barbarus, a, um, barharous

basilica, l, hasilica, church

beatus, a, um, happy

Belgae, i, pl., Belgians, a tribe in
the North of Gaul and also in
South Britain (Hampshire)

Belgicus, a, um, Belgian

Belgium, 2, Belgium

bellicosus, a, um, warlike

bell5, I , / wage war

bellum, 2, war

bellus, a, um, beautiful, j»Uy, pretty

[French bel, belle]
bene, well ; bene ambula, § 23
bos (bov-), 3, m. or f., ox
bre%ns, 3, adj., brief, short
Britannia, i, Brilaiii
Britannicus, a, um, British
Britannus, 2, Briton

C. =Gaius (Gaium, Gai, Gaio)
cachinno, i, I laugh
caelum, 2, sky, climate
caeruleus, a, um, blue
Caesar, 3, Caesar
Caledonia, i, Scotland
Caledonius, 2, Caledoniar.
calor (calor-), 3, heat
Cambria, i, Wales
campus, 2, plain
Canlium, 2, Kent
cantO, I, I sing
capillus, 2, hair
captivus, 2, captive
capt5, l, I catch

caput (capit), 3, n., head, chapter

carina, l, keel

c3ruB, a, um, dear

casa, I, cottage

Cassi, 2, a tribe in Hertfordshire

Cassivellaunus, 2, King of ihe Cassi

in Hertfordshire
castanea, i, chestnut-tree
castellum, 2,fort [castle]
ca«tra, neut. pl., 2, camp
catena, i, chain
catulus, 2, dog
cauaa, i, cause, reason : causa, hy

reason, for the sake
celeriter, quickly

ALPHABETICAL VQCABULARY

147

Celta, I, Celt

cena, i, supper, late dinner

cenO, I, I sup, dine

certamen (-min-), 3, contest

certe, at any raie

cervus, 2, stag

ceteri, ae, a, the others, tke rest

cetera (n.) = Erig. 'etcetera'
Christus, 2, Christ
Christianus, a, um, Christian
cibus, 2,food
circiter, about
circum (Preposition with Acc. ; or

Adverb), arottnd
circum-do, -dare, -dedi, I surround
clvitaa (-tat-), 3, state [city]
clades, 3, disaster
cl&rus, a, um, bright ox famous
classiarii, 2, scaiiien, men of the Jleet
classis (Gen. Pl. claBsium), T),fleet
clivus, 2, hill, do~cn
cohors (cohort-), 3, cohort
coUi8(Gen. PI. collium), 3, m., hill
coUoco, I, I place [locate]
colonia, I, colony
coioratus, a, um, sun-hurnt

[coloured]
coloro, I, I colour
coluniba, i, dove, pigeon
commemoro, i, / mention ("com-

memorate]
commentarii, 2 pl., notes, covimen-

taries
comparS, i, I get together, prepare
CGUiprobo, I, I approve
concursio (-ion), 3, engagcment

[ex-cursion]
condicio (-ion-), 3, condition
condiscipulus, 2, schoclfellow
confirmo, i, I estahlish [confirm]

confusus, a, um, confused
congregO, i, / gather togethef

[congregation]
consecratus, a, um, consecrated
consSbrina, I, cousin (§ 5)
consocio, I, I ally
constantia, I, constancy, firmness
con-sto, -stare, -stiti, / consist [con,

together, sto, / stand] : constat

(3rd person) = /V knoivn
consulto, on purpose [by consulta-

tion]
continuus, a, um, continucd, un-

interrupted
contra (wilh Acc), against
copia, I, abundance

copiam do, I give opportunity
copiae {^\\xx.), forces
corium, 2, skin

corpuB (corpor-), 3, body [corpor-al]
corvus, 2, croiv
creber, crebra, crebrum, crowded

(Abl. =with), frequent
cremo, l, I burn [cremation]
creo, I, I create

crucio, I, I torture [ex-cruciating]
crustulum, 2, cake
culpo, I, I blame
cullura, I, tillage, cultivation, cul

ture
cum (with Abl.), together with

'vith
cum, whcn
cupide, eagerly

cupidus, a, um, desirous, eager
cur, why
cuia, I, care
CurO, I , / care for, attcnd to, pro-

vide (§ 22)
cuslos (cuslud-), 3, guard,guardian

de (with Abl.), about, down from

dC-bellr), i, I defcat

decimus, a, um, tcnth

dt-clarri, i, I deciare

declino, / turn aside [decline]

defeclio (-ion-), 3, defection
defcnsor (defensor-), 3, dcfcnder
dclcctanuntum, 2, delight
delectS, i, J delight
delibero, i, I dciiberaie

148

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

deligO, I, I fasten

ad ancoram deligO, I anchor
demonstro, i, I point out
deneg5, i, I say no [deny]
densns, a, um, dense, thick
deploro, I, I deplore, lament
derlvatus, a, um, derived
de-8um, de-esse, de-ful, / am

wanting
deas, 2, god

dexter, dextra, dextrnm, right
dextra, i, right hand
dico, dlcere, dixl, 3, I say
digitus, 2,yf;/.o'(?r [digit]
discipulus, 2, pupil [disciple]
discordia, i, quarrel, discord
disputo, l, I dispute
di-sto, I, I am distant
difi, long, for a long time
diumus, a, um, ofthe day
diversus, a, um, diverse, different (a,
from)

dO, dare, dedi, / give, set, put (in

fugam, tofiight)
doctuB, a, um, leamed [doctor]
domesticus, a, um, internal [dom-

estic]
domina, i, mistress [dame]
domus (irregular, /), house, home

domi, at home

domum, homeivards (home)
Druidae, l, pl., Druids
dubitS, I, I hesitate, douht
Dubrae, I, pl., Dever
ducentl, ae, a, t-wo hundred
dulcis, 3, adj., sweet, pleasant
dum, while
duo, dnae, duo, two
duodecimus, a, um, twelfth
duodesexagesimus, a, um, s8th
dux (duc-), 3, leader, general

ecce, hehold

ego, /

egregie, excellently

eques (equit-), 3, horse-soldier

equito, i, I ride

equus, 2, horse

erro, i, / err

esca, lyfood, eating

esse, to be

essedarius, 2, charioteer

essedum, 2, chariot

et, and :

et . . . et, both . . . and
etiam, also, even
euge, bravo \ {e in Plautus)

ex (with Abl.), out offrom
excavo, I, I excavate
exclamo, i, I exclaim
existimo, i, /c(?wi/(/fr [estimate]
expeditio (-i5n-), 3, expedition
explico, I, 1 diploy, arrange
exploro, I , / explore
exporto, I, I export, carry out
expugnO, I, I storm, take by stor^"
exspectatiS (ion-), 3, expectation
exspecte, I, I extcct, await
ex-8t5, -stare, -stiti, / exist, re-

main, am extant (§ 39 = stand

out)

fabric5, I, I manufacture [fabricate]
fabula, I, play, drama [fable]
facinus (facinor-), 3, deed, achieve-

ment
fagus, 2, f., beeck

fanum, 2, shrine
fallgatus, a, um, //m/ [fatigued]
femina, i, woman [hence 'femin-
ine']

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

149

fenestra, i, window
fera, i , -wild beast
fere, almost, about
feriae, i pl., holidays
ferlna, \,flesh ofwildanimals, game
ferox (feroc-), 3, adj., warlike
ferratus, a, um, filtedwith iron
ferreus, a, um, made o/iron
ferus, a, urn, savage
feetinCS, i, I hurry
fidus, a, \XVA, faithful
fii^ura, i, figttre
filia, I, d.ttii^hter
filius, 2 (Voc. fili), son
finis, 3, eiiJ ; Plur. fines, m.,
(Gen. finium), loundaries
firmiludo ( tudin-), ■^, fir/itness
firmo, I, J strengthen [make firmj
fl.xvus, a, um, yellow
tlO, I, I blow (said of the wind)
Humen (-min-), 3, river
fluvius, 2, river

Gallia, i, Gaul

Gallicus, a, um, Gallic : fretum

Galiicum, the English channel
gallina, i, hen
Gallus, 2, m Gaul, an inhabitant of

Gaul
gallus, 2, cock
gaudium, 2,joy, delight
gemma, i, gem, preciotts stoite
generosus, a, um, nobly born
gens (gent-), 3, race [gentile]

focus, 2, hearth

foedus, a, um, hideotis

fomia, i,form, shape

formidO, l, I fear

fortasse, perhaps

fortis, 3, adj., brave, strong

fortiter, bravcly

fortuna, i, fortune, fate

Francogallicus, a, um, French

frenum, 2, bridle

fretum, 2, channel, arm of the sea

frugifer, fiugifera, frugiferuni, fruil-

ful [fruit-bearing]
frtimentum, 2, com
frustra, in vain
fuga, \,flight
fugo, I, I puttoflight, rout

fugatus, a, um, routed
fundamentum, 2, foundation
funis (Gen. Plur. funium), 3, m.,

rope

genuB (gener-), 3, ^/mj' [gener-al]
Germanicus, a, um, German (adj.)
Germanus, 2, German (noun)
gl5ria, \, glory, fame
Graecia, i, Greece
GraecuB, a, um, Greck
gramineus, a, um, grassy
grandis, 3, adj., (5?> [grand]
gratuB, a, um, pleasing
guberno, i , / steer, guide [govern]
gusto, I, / taste

habito, 1, / dwell ', with Acc, /

inhabit
hasta, I, spear
herba, \,grass, herb
liil)crnia, I, Ireland
llilicrnicus, a, um, Irish
hic, here, at this point
hiema (hiem), 3, winter
Hispania, 1, Spain
historicus, a, um, historical
hodie, today, at the present day,

nowadays

hodiernus, a, um, of the present day

homd (homin), 3, vian

hOra, I, hour

hortus, 2, garden

hostia (Gen. Plur. hosiium), 3,

eneiny
huiusmodi, ofthis kind
humanus, a, um, human, ('vilized
humo, I, / bury

150

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

iam, alreaJy, noio, even

ianua, i, door, gate

ibi, there

idoneus, a, Vkra,fitted, suitable

ieiunus, a, um, hungry

ientaculum, 2, breakfast

igitur, therefore, then

ignavus, a, um, co^vardly

ignoro, \, I do not kno~u [ignore]

ignotus, a, um, unknou/n

ille, illa, illud, yon, that one

illic, yonder

illustro, I, I light up [illustrate]

imber (imbr-), 3, shower ofrain

immigro, I, I immigrate

imperStor (imperator), 3, general

[emperor]
inipcrium, 2, command\txa^\x€\
impero (with Dat.), I itnpose (upon)
impiger, impigra, impigrum,

active (not sluggish)
impigre, actively, bravely
impius, a, um, unnattiral [impious]
impl6r5, i, I i?nplore
importo, i , / import, carry in
impugno, i, I attack
in (with Abl.), in or on

(with Acc. ), itito or onto
incito, I, I urge, urge on, incite
incola, i, inhabitant
incommodum, 2, disaster
incullus, a, um, uncultivated

inde, thenct

infinitus, a, um, infinite

ingens (ingent-), 3, adj., huge

ingratus, a, um, unpleasing, un-

grateful
inhumanus, a, um, uncivilized
inopia, i, 'want, poverty
inquam, say I, I say ; inquit, says

he, he says ; inquimus, we say ;

inquiunt, they say
insectatio (-ion-), 3, pursuit
infligniB, 3, adj., distinguished
in stO, -stSre, -stitl (with Dat.), 1

pursue
insula, i, island
inter (with Acc), between or during

or among
interdum, sauietimes
interea, meanwhile
interior (interiOr-), 3, interior, inner
interrogo, i, I ask, enquire
intervalhim, 2, interval
intra (wiih Acc. ), within
intro, I, I enter
irrigo, I, I water [irrigate], §6
ita, thus

itaque, accordingly, therefore
iter (itiner-), 3, n., march
iterum, a second time
iudicS, I, I judge
iustus, a, \xm,just, proper
iuvat (3rd pers. sing. ) it delights

labor (labOr-), 3, labotir, toil
labOro, I , / labour, am in difficulties
laetitia, \, delight, pleasure
lamir.a, I, plate
Latiuus, a, um, Latin
latus, a, um, wide, broad
latus (later-), 3, side [later-al]
laudandus, a, um, laudable
laudO, I, I praise
lavO, I, 1'erf. irregular, I wask
l§gStU8, 2, lieutenant-general
legiO (iOn-), 3, legion

lenis, 3, adj ., gentle [lenient]
lente, slowly

levo, I, I lighten, relieve (§ 5)
libenter, gladly, wilHngly
liber, libr-um, -i, -0, 2, book
liber, llbera, llberum,/r;,f (some-

times with Abl. =from)
liberi, 2 pl., children (properly an

adjective meaning " frce ones,"

i.e., children of freeborn

parents)
lineus, a, um, madt offiax

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

15«

lingua, I, tongue, language
llnum, 2,Jlax

littera, i, leller (of the alphabet)
Htterarius, a, um, connected with

letters (lilterae), literary
litus (litor-), 3, coast
locus, 2, place (ph loca, «. ), or

passage of a book (pl. loci, ///.)
Londinium, 2, LonJon
longe, far

longitudo (-tudin), 3, lenglh [longi-

tude]
longuB, a, um, loug
hicrum, 2, gain, profit
lucus, 2, grove

ludus, 2, game or elementary school
Ifina, I, moon
lupus, 2, VJOlf
luscinia, i, nightingale
lui (luc), 3, light

machina, i, machine
magister, 2, schoolmaster, teacher
magistra, I, school-mistress, teacher
magnificus, a, um, magnificent
magnitudo (-tudin-), 3, size, magni-

titde
magnopere ( = magno opere), greatly
magnus, a, um, great, large
maior (mSiSr-), 3, leirger, greater
mando, l, I commit, entrust
mane (indeclinable), viorning, pro-

perly in the morning
mare (dechned §36), 3, sea
margarita, I , pearl [.Margaret]
maritimus, a, um, ofthe sea, mari-

time
materia, i, //w^^r [material]
mathematicus, a, um, mathematical
maxime, chiefly
me, me

mecum, with me
mediocriter, moderately, tolerahly
mediterraneus, a, um, midland, in-

land: mediterranea, pl., n.,

the midlands
medius, a, um, mid, middle
meinLruni, 2, limb [member]
mercalura, i, commerce [merchan-

dise]
inergus. 2, sca-^uh
meridianus, a, uni, southcrn [from

merldies, mid-day]

metallum, 2, metal

meus (Voc. nii), mea, meum, my

migro, l, I migrate

mihi, to me

milea (mllit-), 3, soldier

milia, 3, miles, lit. thousands {oj
paces)

militia, l, military service

mllito, l, I scrve

ministro, I, /fl//^«i/ [minister]

mlrus, a, um, wonderful

miser, misera, miserum, unhappy,
miserable

mobihtas (-tat-), 3, mohility

Mona, I, Isle of Anglesey

monstrans (monsUant-), 3, adj.,
pointing

monstrO, i, I shoiu, point

monumentum, 2, monument

mora, i, detay

mortuus, a, um, dead

mos (mor-), 3, custom

mox, /;; due course {sooti)

mullitCRiO (-tudin-), 3, multitude

multus, a, um, much: multi, ac, a,
many ; multum (adv.), much,
very much, very ; multo, by
much (multo maior, inuch
greater, lit. greater by much)

nirinilio, 3, buhcark

murmurO, I, I muimur

mflrus, 2, wall

ALPHABETICAL VOCABVLARY

nam, for

narro, i, I tell, narrate

natiO (-iOn-), 3, tribe [nation]

nato, I, I swim, batlte

natura, i, nature

natus, a, um, bom

ante Christum natum =B. C.

post Christum natum = A. D,
nauta, i, sailor
navigatiO (-ion-), 3, voyage
nSvigium, 2, vessel, ship
navigO, i, /53// [navigate]
nSvis (Gen. Plur. nSvium), 3, ship;

navis longa, ship ofwar
-ne marks a qnestion
nebula, i, cloiid
nec (or neque) 7ior, and 7iot

nec . . . nec, neither . . . 7ior
necesse, necessary {jyzX.=for')
Nervii, a tribe in Belgium
nidifico, i, I btiild a nest
nidus, 2, nest

niger, nigra, nigrum, Wa^^[nigger]
nihil, nothing
nimis, too

nisi, unlesSy if... not, except
nobis, to us

nobiscum, witA us

noctu, by night, in the nighttime
ni)Cturnus, a, um, of the night
nOmen (min-), 3, name [nominal]
nominatus, a, um, named
nOmino, i, I name, call
nOn, 7iot

nondum, not yet

nOn iam, no longer, not any longer

nOnne ( = non -f ne), not ?

nonnulll, ae, a, some [non, not,
nuUi, ;w//tf]

nSnnumquam, sometimes (lit. not
never)
nonus, a, um, ninth
nos, ive or us, ourselves
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
notus, a, um, kiioivn
novus, a, um, new
nox (noct-), 3, night
nudo, I, I strip, deprivt (Abl. =of)
nulluB, a, um, not any
num, whether, marking a question
nnmeruB, 2, number
nummuB, 2, coin
numquam, never
nunc, now

nuntio, i, I announce
nuper, recently, lately, not long ago

obscurO, I, I obscure

obses (obsid-), 3, hostage

occidens (occident-), 3, the West

occulto, I, I hide

occupo, I, I seize [occupy]

oceanus, 2, ocean

octingenti, ae, a, eight hundred

ocloginta, eighty

oculuB, 2, eye

officium, 2, dtity

omnia, Neut. Plur. of omnes, all

things, everything
omnino, altogether
omnis, 3, adj., every\ Plur. omnes,

m. and f., omnia, n., all
oner&rius, a, um, of burden

onus (oner-), 3, hurden [ex-oner-ate]
opera, I, attention, study
oppidum, 2, town
opportune, in the nick of time
oppugnO, I, J attack
optime, excellently, hurrah I
opus (oper-), 3, work [oper-ation]

opus (wiih Abl.), med

quid opus, what med
Ora, I, shore
orbis, 3, m., circle [orb] ; orbis

terrarum = the world
ordO (-din-), 3, m., raw^ [ordin-ary]
oriens(orient-), 3, ///<f .£"aj/[oricntal]
orlgO (origin-), 3, origin
oriundus, a, um, sprung

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

»53

umandus, a, um.yf/ to be equipped
omatus, a, um, ortiamented
ornQ, I, I equip, ad-orn

0r8, I, I ask, entreat

ostrea, i, oyster

ovis (Gen. Plur. ovium), 3, skeep

pacatus, a, um, subdued, pacified
palus (palud-), 3, rnarsh
paratus, a, Mm, prepared, ready
parO, I, I prepare, prepare the way

for (§ 20)
pars (part), 3, part
parvus, a, um, small, little
patria, i , country, fatherland
patruus, 2, uncle
pauci. ae, ti,few, afew
pauluin, a little
pax (p§c-), 3, peact
pecunia, i, money
pedes (pedit-), ^, foot-solJier
pellis (Gen. Plur. pellium), 3, skin,

hidi
per (with Acc), through, or during
pergrandis, 3, adj., very big
pergratus, a, um, very pleasing
periculosus, a, um, perilous, danger-

ous
periculum, 2, peril, danger
peritus, a, um, ski//ed (Gen. =in)
perlucidus, a, um, transparent

[pellucid]
perturbo, l, / perturb, disturb,

throw into confusion
pSs (ped-), 3, m.,foot; pcdibus, on

foot
pharus, 2, f., light-house
piger, pigra, pigrum, /azy, s/uggish
pila, I, ba//\^\\\'\
pinus, 2 (partly 4), f., pine
piscatorius, a, \xm, fshing
plane, utter/y, quite
planta, i , p/ant
planus, a, \xm,flat [plane]
plSnus, a, um, with Gen. /«//,

wilh Abl. fi//ed
plerumque, most/y, genera//y
plumbum, 2, /ead
plus (plur-), more [hence ' Plural ']
pluvia, I, rain
po6ta, I, poet

pSmum, 2, app/e

pondus (pondcr-), 3, ■weight

populuB, 2, tribe [a people]

porcus, 2, pig [pork]

portO, I , / carry

poBSum ( = pot-sum), p)osse( = pot

esse), potuT, I am ab/e
post (with Acc), after, behind
postquam, after ( = when)
poatridie, on the next day
poatulO, I, I demand
praecipito, i, //:«/-/ [prccipitate]
praecipuus, a, um, especia/, par-

ticu/ar
praeclSruB, a, xxm, famous
praeda, 1, prey, booty
praefectus, 2, officer [prefect]
praefectus classis, admira/
praeparo, l, I prepare
prae-sto, -stare, -stiti, / perform,

exhibit
prae-sum, -esse, -fui (wiih Dat.),

/ am in command of
praetcrea, besides
prandium, 2, /umh
pretium, 2, price
primo, at first
primus, a, um, yfr.f/
princeps (princip-), 3, prince
prior (prior-), ^, former [prior]
prO (with Abl.), instead of, for
procella, l, sterm
proconsul, 3, proconsu/, governor
procul, far
proelium, 2, beUt/e
profundus, a, um, deep [profound]
promunturium, 2, promontory
prope (with Acc), ruar
properO, i, I hasten
propinquus, a, um, neighbouring
propior, propius, nearer
propositum, 2, propcsa/
propter (wilh Acc), on atcourti ef
propulso, I, I drive back

154

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

prospere, success/ully

prO sum, -esse, -ful (with Dat.))

/ am helpfnl, do good
provoIO, I, I dash/orth
proximus, a, um, nearest, next, last
pruina, i,frost
puella, I , girl
puer, 2, boy
pugna, lyfight, battlt

pugnans (pugnant-), 3, adj.,/^A//«^

pugno, I, I fight

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,yf«tf,

beautiful, handsome
pulchre, beautifully
puppis (Gen. Plur. puppium), 3,

stern, poop
puto, I, I fancy, think, suppose

qnam, how, as, than

quando, when

quantopere, how much

quare ( = qua re, by whal thing\ 7vhy

quartus, a, \xm, fourth

quattuor, fdur

quattuordecim, fourteen

quia, because

quingenti, ae, s.,five hun red

quinquagesimus, a, um, fijtieth

qmnque, five

quintus, a, \xm,fifth

quo, whilher, to which

quod, that

quOmodS, how

quondam, once on a time, formerly

quoque, too, also, even

tum quoque, then too, even then
quota hora est ? what o'clock is it ?

quota hora, at what o\l»ck ?

recreo, l, Irefresh (nie, myselj)

recte, rightly

redambulo, i, I walk back

regalis, 3, adj., royal

reglna, i, queen

regulus, 2, ruler, petty kittg

reliquiae, I, pl., relics

reliquus, a, um, the rest, the re-

maining
remigo, i, I row
remotus, a, um, remote
remuB, 2, oar
reparo, l, I refit, repair
reportO, i , / carry eff (or back)
reservO, I, I reserve
revera, really
revoco, i, I recall

rex (reg-), 3, king
Rhenus, 2, the Rhine
ripa, I, bank
rivus, 2, stream [river]
robur (robor-), 3, oak, slrength
rSbuatus, a, um, robusl, sturdy
R5ma, I, Rome
ESmSnuB, a, um, Roman
rosa, I, rose, rose-tree
rostrum, 2, beak, ram
rota, I, wheel
ruber, rubra, rubrum, red
ruinae, i, pl., ruins
rusticus, a, um, rustic
Rulupiae, l, pl., Richhrough
Rutuplnus, a, um, belonging to
Richborough

Bacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred

sacra, pl. n., sacred rites
■atrificC, I, I satrifict

saeculum, 2, century

BAepe, often

■aevuB, a, um, savage, cru*l

ALPHABETICAL VOCABUt^ARY

^l^

iaffilfa, I, arrow
salutO, I, I salute, greet
satiatus, a, um, satisfied
satia, sufficiently, enough
scapha, I, boat [skifT]
schola, I, school ; pl. lessons
scientia, i, science, knowledge
Bcopulus, 2, cliff, rock
ScOiicus, a, uni, Scottish
scri[)lito, I, I write, scribhle
se, hiiiiself, themselves : inter se,
ainong thcinselves, with one antlhc
secundus, a, um, second
seJ, bitt

senteniia, i, opinion
sCparo, I, I separate
scptentriOnCs, the North
septimus, a, um, sez'enth
scptingentl, ae, a, seven hundred
Bepulchrum, 2, toinb, septdchre
serenus, a, um, clear [serene]
serO, late

servO, I, I save, preserve, watch
servuB, 2, siave
sescenti, ae, a, six hundred
sl, if

sic, so, thus, as foUows
Bicut, as (lit. so as,just aj)
signum, 2, si^n,fiag
silva, I, wood,forest
simulficrum, 2, image
8ine (with Abl.), without
situs, a, um, situated
sive . . . sive, whether . , . or
socictas (-tat-), 3» alliance [society]

sOl, 3, the sun

solum, 2, soi/

BOlum, on/y

somnio, i, I dream

sonus, 2, sound

spectO, I, I see, watch, gate ai

specula, i, watch-tower

BperO, I, I hope

splendor (splendOr-), 3, sp/endour

spumifer, spumifera, spumiferum,

foainy [spuma, foam, -fer,

bearing'^
spiimo, I, I foam
slabilitas (-lat-) 3, slabilily
Btatio (-ion-) 3, station, roaJstead
slalura, I, hcight, stature
stella, I, star
8to, stSre, Btetl, i, I stand
studiosus, a, \xm, fond, studious
stultitia, i,fo//y
Bub (wilh Abl.), under, down in ;

(with Acc), dowH into, down

to, up to
subito, sudden/y
subministro, i, I supp/y
sudis (Gen. Plur. sudium), 3, stake
sum, eBse, ful, I am
summus, a, um, chief
Buper (with Acc), over, above
superior (superiOr-), 3, previous,

past ; superior, victorious
Bupero, I, I surpass, overcome
BUUB, a, um, his (or //;.; own), their

(or their own) ; sui, his (or

their) own men

taberna, l, inn [tavern]

tam, so : tam . . quam, so . . as

tamen, nevertheless, hoivcver

Tamesa, I, m., I hames

tandem, at /ength

tantum, so much, or on/y

te, tliee, you ; tecum, with thee,

with you
tegimen (-min-), 3, covering
tempero, i, I coo/, temper

tempestas (-tat-), 3, tempest, weather
tempus (tempor-), 3, time [tempor-

ary]
tenebrae, I, Plur., darkmss
terra, i, /and
tertius, a, um, third
tertius decimus, thirteenth
testimonium, 2, testimony, evidenct
testudO (tudin-), 3, tortoise-she//,

she/ter

■56

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULAR Y

tintinnabuluin, 2, bell
tonans (tonanl-), 3, adj., thundering
tormentum, 2, hiirling machine
tot (indeclinable adj.), so many
tOtuB, a, um (Gen. and Dat. Sing.

irregular), whole
tranquillus, a, um, cabn, tranquil
trans (wiih Acc), across
transportS, i, I Iransport
trecentl, ae, a, three hunJred
tr68 (m., f.), tria (n.), three
tributum, 2, trihute
Trinobantes, 3, plur., a tribe in

Essex

triplex (triplic-), 3, adj., triple

triquetrus, a, um, triangular

triumpho, l, I triutnph, exult

tropacum, 2, trophy

trucido, I, I slaughter, murder

tu, thou, you

tum, then (=ai that titne or there-

upon)
tumulus, 2, mound
turbulentus, a, um, rottgh, turhulent
turris (Gen. Plur. turrium), 3, turret
tutuB, a, um, safe
tuuB, a, um, thy, your

ubi, where

ulluB, a, um, any (Gen. and Dat.

Sing. irregular)
uhnus, 2, f., ehn-tree
umbra, i, shade, shadow
una, together; unacum, togetherwith
unda, i, wave
unde, whence
undecimus, a, um, eleventh
flniversuB, a, um, all together

[universal]

anuB, a, um (Gen. and Dat. Sing.

irregular), one
urba (urb-), 3, city [urban]
urna, l, urn
ursus, 2, bear

usitatus, a, um, used, usual, common
usque ad, right on till
ut, how or as
iitili», 3, adj., useful

vacca, I, cov)

vaco, I, I amjree [vacant]

vadum, 2, shallow plcue, shoal,ford

validus, a, um, strong

vallum, 2, rampart

varius, a, um, varied

vaBto, I, I lay waste [de-vast-ate]

vastus, a, um, wild, waste [vast]

vehiculum, 2, carriage [vehicle]

vel, or

velum, 2, sail ; vela dare, to set sail

velut, as, even as [vel, even ; ut, aj]

venaticus, a, um, connected with

hunling
Vcneti, 2, pl., a tribe on the Wcst

Coast of Gaul

venia, l, pardon

Venta Belgaium, i, IVinchester

ventus, 2, wind

venum-do, -dare, -dedi, / sell

\yk\\\xm, for sale \ do, I offer^^
v6ruB, a, um, true; vera, the truth

(lit. true things) ; ver5, in

truth, indeed
vesper, 2, evening or evening star

[vespers]
vester, vestra, vestrum, your (of

sevcral persons)
vesligium, 2, vestige, trate
veslimentum, 2,garment [vestmentj
vetcranus, a, um, veteran, old
vcto, I, I forbid

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

»57

vexC, I, L annoy, vex

via, I , r»ad, way ; d$ via, from the
road; in viam me do, L give
myself to the road, L start ;
intcr viam, on the way

viclito, I, I live

victor (victOr-), 3, victor

Ticteria, I, victory

vicus, 2, village

vigintl (indeclinable), twenty

viila, I, country-house, villa

viola, I, Triolet

violo, I, l violai4

vir, 2, man

virtus (virtQt-), 3, pliuk, couragt

[virtue]
visitd, I , / visit
vita, I, life
vitS, I, L avoid
vitrea, 2, pl. n., glass vesseh
vitrum, 2, woad
vii, scarcely, hardly
vobis, to yoit ; vobiscuni, witfi you
volito, I, L fly
\b%, ypit fplural)
vulims (vulner), 3, wound [vulner-

able]

W. J»lly &* Stnt, Printers. 38 B^idge Strttt. Aitrdttn

ORA MARITIMA SERIES

EDITED BY

Professor E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, D.Litt.

Published by Messrs. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd., London, and
The Macmilt.an Co., New York.

Each of ihe Readers in this series consists of a continuous
story written in the language to be studied, and so constructed as
to form the basis of a systematic study of Grammar. They thus
combine the interest and vitality of a real story with a thorough
training in the fundamentals of the language concerned.

The seiies at present contains the following volumes : —

ORA MARITIMA: a Latin Story for Be-

ginners, with Grammar and Exercises. By Professor SON
NENSCHEIN, (Thirtieth Thousand, croffn %t'0, price 2/., subject
to discount.)

The scene of the story is laid on the South Coast of England,
and includes a sketch of the ancient Britons and of Ca;sar's
invasions of Britain.

OPINIONS

" The book is just Al, clearly right in conception and admirably
execiUed." — P. A. Barnett, M.A., H.IVI. Chief Inspeclor for the Training
of Teachers.

" We have adopted both Ora Maritima and Pro Patria in our Latin
classes at Manchester Grammar School, and have never had reason to
regret Iheir adoption. Both books have interest and continuily, and both
lend themselvcs excellenlly to oral practice." — J. L. Paton, M.A., High
Master of the Manchester Grammar School.

" The most altractive introduction to Latin that has come under my
notice, and I have seen most of them in the secondary schools which I
inspect." — JOHN Keru, LL.D., late H.M. Chief Inspector of Schoois and
Training Colleges in Scotland.

" It makes a new departure in the teaching of Latin thit ought to be
productive of great good. I am in entire sympathy with its meihod." —
A. E. ScouGAL, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector of Schools 'n Scotland.

" I have used Ora Maritima in actual teaching, and have found it both
interestingand instructive to the pupil." — ProfessorJ. P. PojTGATE, Litt.D.

" Ora Maridma proves an idcal book for a first reader." — VV. H. D.
RousE, Litt. D., Head Master of the Perse School, Cambridge.

" Exactly what is needed to strike a mean Vjctween the wholly conversa-
tional method, which means no grammar, and the solely grammatical
mcthod, which means no specch or life." — Sybil F. Partriugk, Principal
of St. Mary's Hall, Liverpool.

" This is a charming book. We know no better epithet by which to
descrilie such an introduction to the Latin tongue. . . . It is giving a
strong recommendation to say, as we gladly do, that our author has given
us the ideal book which he formerly described." — Sccondary Educaticn

" VVe can conceive no more delightful book for the induction of youth
into the paths of Latin." — The Monthly Register.

" An interesling experiment, ably carried ow\.."—Journal of Education.

" It aims al teaching a little thoroughly, and it succeeds." — School
World.

" An cxlremely simplc and interesting book." — Literary World.

" The drill exercises are specinlly to be commended. In the presence
of the impending campaign against classical education, it behoves its de-
fenders to furbish up their weapons." — Saturday Review.

" Ora Maritima does for Latin what the modern oral methods do for
French and German, i.e., it makes the beginner realise that the language
13 really a vehicle of expression, whereby common-sense nolions can be
conveyed. From personal experience I can testify how a few weeks are
sufficient to gain this all-important idea ; and it is worlh adding that in a
school which I have recently inspected a small hoy of eleven employed his
leisure time in working ihrough Ora Maritima to the end, and then canie
to his master for the sequel Pro Patria. There was no need to lell that
boy that Latin is someihing more ihan a phalanx of declinable nouns and
verbs." — Alfred Hughes, M.A., Professor of Educationin the University
of Hirmingham.

PRO PATRIA : a Latin Story, being a sequel

to Ora Afariti»ia, with Grammar and E.\ercises to the end
of the Regular Accidence. By Professor Sonnenschein.
{Tenth Thousand, croiun %to, pricg 2s. 6d., subject to discount.)

The story includes a sketch of the history of Britain under the
Romans and Saxons, down to the introduction of Christianity.
The latter part of the story recounts the history of the Boer War
down to June, 1900.

OPINIONS

"The books are admirable, and under the guidance of a skilful teacher
their use in class is followed by excellent results. — Professor Michael
E. Sadler, LL.D., Manchester.

" I have had both books prescribed for use in our earliest standards.
They were acknowledgcd by ihe Committee which passed them to be
unequalled for the inieresting way in which they presented the subject.
I think no praise is too high for them." — W. G. Wedderspoon, M.A.,
H.M. Inspector of European Schools and Training Colleges, Burma.

" I have started my own small boys in Latin with Oia Marititna and
Pio Patria, and am delighted with both books : they irdicate a method
which is attractive to th;^ child without being superficial." — Sir Arthur
IIORT, M.A. , Ilarrow School.

" In a long experience I have found Pro Patria quite the best book
which I have ever come across for arousing and sustaining the interest
of small boys in their elementary stage of Latin Translation." — The Rev.
Piiii.ir Crick, M.A., St. Ronan's, Worthing.

THE GREEK WAR OF iNDEPEND-

ENCE. The Story of the War of Indcpcndence ('1821-
1827) is told in classical Greek for the use of beginners, with
Notes and Exercises. By C. D Chamber§, M.A. {jCrown
8tio, price y., suhject to disrount^

OPINIONS

" Felicitous in design and able in excculion. There is, in our opinion,
a future for books of this type — books classical in language and m ilern
in subject-matter. As a specimen of Mr. Chambers' sUill in reprodiicing
the grave Thucydidean slyle, the account of Byron's arrival in Greece and
of his too early death is e\ce\\en\.."—JouriialofEdiicaiion.

" Most ably planned and most successfully executed. It gives reality
and intcrest to the early study of Greek." — Educational Times.

" A mo>t vahiable schoolbook. Tlie narrative \-> bright and interest-
ing, and well illustraled wilh maps and phoiographs. \Ve strongly
recommend the book to all schoolmastcrs."— '1 he Oxford Magazine.

" The tcxt makes a capiial reader." — Guardian.

JUST PUBLISHED
AM RHEIN : a German Story for Beginners,

with Grammar and E.xercises in Conversation, Free Com-
position, and Translation. By Professor K.ARL WlCHMANN,
Ph.D. {Crow?t ?)V0, price 2s., subject to discount.)

The scene of the story is laid in a country parsonage on the
Rhine ; in the latter part of the book tlie story of Siegfried and
the Niljclungen is recounted.

/.\" rREF.l IL'lTln.y
A FRENCH STORY FOR BEGINNERS, on

similar lincs to thc ahovc.

^ PARALLEL
GRAMMAR 5ERIE5.

EDITED Br

Ppofessop E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, D.Uitt. OXon.

RECENT OPINIONS FRO.H

The Head-master of King Edward's School, Birmingham ;
The Head-mistress of the Wimbledon High School for Girls :

" The Latin Accidence of the Parallel Grammir Series is in use through-
out the King EdArard's School, Birminghara, and the Greek Accideoce oa the
Classical Side. I am dislinct.ly of opinion that one and the same Accidence
should be prescnbed in every schaol learning the language, and that the
Parallel Grammar Accidences are the right ones to prescribe. Gram-
matical curiosities are relegatea to their proper place, and the normal in-
flexione of the language are presentcd in a clear and orderly manner without
Bacrificing practical convenience to the suppoaed reeiuirements of scieutific
philology. When the Greek and the Latin Accidence of this series are used
Bide by side, the f urther esonomy eflected by the ' Parallel ' system is
realised." — R. Cary Gilson, M A., Head-master of the Schools of King
Edward VL in Birminghara ; late Assistant Maater at Harrow, and Fellow of
Triuity CoUege, Cambridge. (Feb. 26th, 1904.)

"The Parallel Grammari — English, Latin, Greek, French, and German —
have been used in this School, each from the time of ita publication. These
Grammars are acknowledged to be in the front rauk as regards scholarship,
and they have also thc merits of clearness and compactness. — The Parallel
method is important as leadiug to a real grasp of principles and economising
the learner'8 time. The result of using the Parallel Grammirs exclusively
has in the case of this School been altogether satisfactory, and, where pupiU
of linguistio talent were concerned. adrairablysuccessfuL" — Editu Hastings,
Head-mistresa of the Wimbledon High School for Girls. (Feb. 23rd, 1904.)

SELECr OPINIONS ON THB SERIES AS A WHOLE.

'• We have for 8ome years been using the Parallel Grammars and ReaJera
and Writers intended to be studied along with thera. We were led to intro-
duce these text-books from a sense of the souidness of tbe educational prin-
ciples on which they were based ; experience has now tau.^ht m to value them
also for the care and consistency with which these principles are carricd out.
We are convinccd that it is an incalculable gain to the c.iuse of systematic
instruction in our school that we are usiug books which enable us to preserve
uniformity in the grammar teachiug of the languages, as well as to connect
coherently translation and composition with this gramraar tcaching." — The
Rev. A. JamsonSmith, U.A., Head-masterof K.E.S.,CampHill, Birmingham.

" After recommending the Parallel Gramviar Seriet in many quartere, I can-
not remember any one who was disappointed, or to whom the working out of
the same system through various languages did not come as something of a
revelation, for which tbey were intensely grateful. I am sure that no teacher
who had once tried the effect of their arrangement of Conditional Sentencet
as against the traditional arrangement could be blind to the superiority of the
former." — W. H. Seckeb, M.A., Oxon., Aysgarth School, Yorkshire.

" A year ago I expressed my unqualified approval of the Parallel Orammar
Series ; since then my admiration for it has only increased, in proportion as I
have more fully understood the principles on which it is based and their appli-
cation. Mr. Sonnenschein has deserved well of his country in taking tlie
initiative in this work, which he has succeeded in carrying to a happy is^ue.
Shall we ever have a similar series for our own country ? That day, the
teaching of languages will have taken an immense step forward." — Dr. J.
Kkelhof, Professor at the Athdn^e Koyal, Tongrefl, Belgium, in Revue de
Vtnstruction publique (Translated).

" One of the most pressing needs of the day, in view of the muUiplication
of school Bubjects and the increased strain which it puts upon the pupil, is
concentration and simplification in the methods of teaching. What we have
lost in extension we niust gain in intention, as the logicians would say. And
among the attempts which are being made to meet this demand, a high place
must be accorded to the movement started in this country sorre years ago for
unification in the field of grammar teaching. Grammars are many, but
grammar is one ; that is to say, though the varielies of usage in different
languages are infinitely numerous, it is possible to treat them from a common
point of view — to classify them on the basis of a common scheme of analysis
and terminology. The gain to the teacher ought to be enormous. Instead of
re classifying the facts of syntax for each separate language according to the
sweet will of the framers of individual grammars, a single classification serves
for all the languages to be learned ; and this scheme, by repetition in connec-
tion with each new language studied, becomes part aad parcel of the mental
outfit of the pupil — a solid rock on which he stands firm in face of the be-
wildering complexities of human speech. The old method involved a continual
re-adjustment of the register ; and its evila were many, as Matthew Arnold
recognised. In our own time a serious attempt has been made to remedy its
defects in Professor Sonnenschein'» Parallel Grammar Series.^' — Literature,
Feb. lOth, 1900.

" We have had frequent occasion to express our opinion of the varioua
volumes in this very useful series, and of the general features which charac-
terise them all ; their spirit and system are now so well known to all teachers
that it is hardly necessary to repeat those observations. The principle of
familiarising a pupil with passages for translation before he has mastered
many details of grammar, of bringing him to a knowledge of rulca through
the language from which experience collects them, rather than equipping him
with a mass of words and forms long before he meeta them in the literature —
this principle is gradually growing to be more and more widely acknowledged
as a sound one. Few can doubt the very great advantage of having some
general principles established, which can be illustrated in different languages,
either by way of similarity or contraat. It is on this system of proceeding
from the known to the unknown that the Parallel Grammar Series is baaed." —
Educational Review,

I^ GREEK.

Qreek Qrammar. By Prof, E. A. Sonnenscheix, D.Litt., Oxon.,
Uaiversity of Hirmingham. 4-<. 6il. ; or (separately), Accidencc (inchuling
Supplenwjit on irregularities in Declension andComparison), 29. ; Supplement
aloQe, G(i.; Syntax, 23. Gd.

A Parallel of Greek and Latin Syntax. By C. II. St. L. Russell,
M.A., Asaistant ilaster at Clifton College. 33. 6d.

First Qreek Reader and Wrlter. By J. E. Sandvs, Litt.D., Public
Oiator in the Uuiversity of Ciimbridge. 2s. Cd.

LATIN.

Latla Qrammar. Ey Prof. E. A. Sonnekschein, D.Litt., O.xon., Univer-
sity of Birmiagham. 3s. ; or (separately), Accidence, Is. 6d. ; Syntax, Is. Gd.

Flrst Latln Reader and Wrlter. By C. M. Di.x, M.A., Oxon. 23.

Second Latin Reader and Wrlter. By C. M. Dix, M.A. la. 6d.

Third Latin Reader aad Wrlter. ByC. M. Di.x, M.A. 2i.

Fourth Latin Reader and Writer {" Llvy Lessons "). By J. C.

NICOL, M.A.,Caatab., late Fellow of Trinity Hall, Head-master of Ports-
moiith Grammar School, and the Rev. J. HUNTER Smith, M.A., Oxon., late
Aasistant Master in King Edward'8 School, Birmingham. 23.

ENGLISH.

Eagllsh Grammar. By J. II.vll, M.A., Head-ma.ster of the Hulme
Grammar School, ManchcBter ; Miss A. J. CoopEB, F.C.P. ; and the Editob
OF THE Seiues. 28. ; or (separately), Accidence, Is. ; Analysis and Syntax,

l8.

Advaaced Eaglish Syatax. By. C. T. Onions, M.A., Lond , of theStaff
of the Oxford English Dictionary. 28. 6d. Second Edition.

Engllsh Examples aad Exerclses. Part I., by Miss M. A. Woods. Is.
Part II., by Miss A. J. COOPER, F.C.P. Is.

Steps to Eagllsb Parslag and Aaalysls. By Miss E. M. Rams.-vy

and Miss C. L. Hamsay. Vol. I., Elementary, Is. Od. Vol. IL, Further
Exercites, Is. 6d.

FRENCH.

Freach Grammar. By L. M. Moriakty, M.A., Oxon., Assistant Master at
Harrow ; late Professor of French in King'8 College, London. 33., or
(separately), Accidence, Is. 6d. ; Syntax, Is. 6d.

Preparatory French Course. By Miss A. M. Zweifel. Is. 6d. New
edition, revised and largely re-written, 1903.

Flrst French Reader and Writer. By R. J. Moeich, late Assistant
Maater at Clifton, and W. S. Lyon, M.A., Oxon. 2s.

tSs' Fop Revised Edition of this Work, see below.
New Flrst French Reader and Writcr. By l^iortssor R. J. MORICU,
University of Graz. 2s.

Second French Reader and Wrlter. By ProfeBsor P. E. E. BAnBlEB,

UQivursity College, Cardiff. 2s.

Third French Reader and Writer. By L. Baebe, B.A , Head-master

<jf the Modern Language Department ia the Glasgow Academy. 2s.

Advanced French Composition. By TI. E. Berthon, Hon. M.A ,
Oxon., Taylorian Teacher of French in the Uuiversity of Ojcfurd, and C. T.
Onioxs, M.A., Lond. 23. Gd.

GERMAN.

Oerman Grammar. By Prof. Kuso Meyer, Ph.D., Univcrsity of Liver-
pool. 3s. ; or (separately), Accidence, Is. 6d. ; Syntax, Is. Gd.

First German Readcr and Writer. By the Editoe of the Sebies.
l8. 6d.

Second Gcrman Reader and Writer. By (he Rev. W. S. Macgowax,
M. A., LL.U., Priucii»al of St. Andrevv's CoUege, Grahaujstown, Cape
Colony. 2s.

Third Oerman Reader and Writer. By Prof. GEonoE Fiedler,
Ph.D., University of Birmingham. 2s.

Fourth German Writer. By R. Gordo.v Ilouxn, M.A., Oxon., Moden
Language Master iu Bromsgrove Scuool. 2-*.

In Preparation. — Advanced German Compositioa. By Prof. Kcno
Meyer, Ph.D., Uuiversity of Liverpool.

SPANISH. WELSH, DANONORWEGIAN.

Spanish Grammar. By the late H. Bdtleb Clarke, M.A., Oxon., Fellow
of St. John's CoUege, Oxford, late Taylorian Teacher of Spanish. 4s. 6d.

First Spanish Readei and Writer. By H. Butler Clarke, M.A. 2s.

Welsh Grammar. By Prof. E. Anwyl, M.A., Oxon., University CoUege,
Aberystwyth. os. ; or (separately), Accidence, 2s. 6d. : Syntax, 2s. 6d.

Dano-Norwegian Reader. With Gramraatical Outline. By J. Y.
Bargent, M.A., Oxon., late Fellow and Tutor of Migdalen CoUege, Oxford.
3s. 6d.

y IS" Single Copies of any Yolume will be sent post free to any
' teacher on receipt of half its publishcd price. KEYS to the Latin and

German Readers and Writers may be had by teachers «n direct applioa-

tion to the publishers.

LoNDOS: SWAN SONNENSCHEIN i CO., Ltd.
Ni-.w York: THE MACMILLAN 00.

PA
2095
365
1909

Sonnenschein, fidward Adolf
Ora maritiraa 6th ed.

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
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